AUTHOR=Yusoof Kizil A. , García Juan Ignacio , Schami Alyssa , Garcia-Vilanova Andreu , Kelley Holden V. , Wang Shu-Hua , Rendon Adrian , Restrepo Blanca I. , Yotebieng Marcel , Torrelles Jordi B. 

TITLE=Tuberculosis Phenotypic and Genotypic Drug Susceptibility Testing and Immunodiagnostics: A Review

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=13

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.870768

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2022.870768

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=<p>Tuberculosis (TB), considered an ancient disease, is still killing one person every 21 seconds. Diagnosis of <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb)</italic> still has many challenges, especially in low and middle-income countries with high burden disease rates. Over the last two decades, the amount of drug-resistant (DR)-TB cases has been increasing, from mono-resistant (mainly for isoniazid or rifampicin resistance) to extremely drug resistant TB. DR-TB is problematic to diagnose and treat, and thus, needs more resources to manage it. Together with+ TB clinical symptoms, phenotypic and genotypic diagnosis of TB includes a series of tests that can be used on different specimens to determine if a person has TB, as well as if the <italic>M.tb</italic> strain+ causing the disease is drug susceptible or resistant. Here, we review and discuss advantages and disadvantages of phenotypic <italic>vs</italic>. genotypic drug susceptibility testing for DR-TB, advances in TB immunodiagnostics, and propose a call to improve deployable and low-cost TB diagnostic tests to control the DR-TB burden, especially in light of the increase of the global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance, and the potentially long term impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disruption on TB programs.</p>