AUTHOR=Gazzano Marianne , Parizot Christophe , Psimaras Dimitri , Vozy Aurore , Baron Marine , Abbar Baptiste , Fallet Vincent , Litvinova Elena , Canellas Anthony , Birzu Cristina , Pourcher Valérie , Touat Mehdi , Weiss Nicolas , Demeret Sophie , Roos-Weil Damien , Spano Jean-Philippe , Lebbe Celeste , Salem Joe-Elie , Cadranel Jacques , Hervier Baptiste , Gorochov Guy , Guihot Amélie TITLE=Anti-PD-1 immune-related adverse events are associated with high therapeutic antibody fixation on T cells JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology VOLUME=13 YEAR=2022 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1082084 DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2022.1082084 ISSN=1664-3224 ABSTRACT=

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) widely improved the treatment of solid and hematologic malignancies. Yet, a remarkable proportion of patients receiving ICI develop immune related adverse events (irAEs) which are difficult to define as treatment-related. This underlines the need to develop a biomarker to guide irAE diagnosis. We developed a novel flow cytometry assay combining measurement of anti-PD-1 (programmed cell death protein-1) occupancy and evaluation of remaining PD-1 receptor availability with anti-IgG4 PE and anti-PD-1 BV421. We prospectively collected blood and biological fluids samples from patients treated by IgG4 anti-PD-1 therapy (nivolumab or pembrolizumab), with (n=18) or without (n=12) current irAE. We analyzed PD-1+ and IgG4+ staining pattern and MFI values of these parameters on CD4 and CD8 T cells, and IgG4+/PD-1+ MFI ratios are calculated. A higher mean fluorescence intensity IgG4+/PD-1+ ratio was measured on peripheral CD4+ T cells of irAE cases, when compared to controls (p=0.003). ICI-related toxicity is therefore associated with increased therapeutic antibody occupancy of PD-1 receptors on CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, in one case of ICI-related pneumonitis, binding of therapeutic antibody was stronger on lung CD4+ T cell than in blood. In another case of ICI-related encephalitis, the PD-1 receptor occupancy was total on CSF CD4 T cells, but only partial on peripherical CD4 T cells. Our results suggest that flow cytometry monitoring of ICI occupancy can be used in patients treated with monoclonal ICI to guide irAE diagnosis.