AUTHOR=Bernarde Paulo Sérgio , Pucca Manuela Berto , Mota-da-Silva Ageane , da Fonseca Wirven Lima , de Almeida Marllus Rafael Negreiros , de Oliveira Isadora Sousa , Cerni Felipe Augusto , Gobbi Grazziotin Felipe , Sartim Marco A. , Sachett Jacqueline , Wen Fan Hui , Moura-da-Silva Ana Maria , Monteiro Wuelton M. 

TITLE=Bothrops bilineatus: An Arboreal Pitviper in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=12

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.778302

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2021.778302

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=<p>The two-striped forest-pitviper (<italic>Bothrops bilineatus</italic>) is an arboreal snake that is currently represented by two subspecies (<italic>B. b. bilineatus</italic> and <italic>B. b. smaragdinus</italic>) that comprise a species complex, and its distribution is in the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest. The rarity of encounters with this snake is reflected in the low occurrence of cases of snakebites throughout its geographic distribution and the resulting low number of published clinical reports. However, in some areas, <italic>B. bilineatus</italic> proves to be more frequent and causes envenomations in a greater proportion. Herein, we review the main aspects of the species complex <italic>B. bilineatus</italic>, including its biology, ecology, taxonomy, morphology, genetic and molecular studies, geographic distribution, conservation status, venom, pathophysiology and clinical aspects, and epidemiology. In addition, the different antivenoms available for the treatment of envenomations caused by <italic>B. bilineatus</italic> are presented along with suggestions for future studies that are needed for a better understanding of the snakebites caused by this snake.</p>