AUTHOR=Martín-Sánchez Esperanza , Garcés Juan José , Maia Catarina , Inogés Susana , López-Díaz de Cerio Ascensión , Carmona-Torre Francisco , Marin-Oto Marta , Alegre Félix , Molano Elvira , Fernandez-Alonso Mirian , Perez Cristina , Botta Cirino , Zabaleta Aintzane , Alcaide Ana Belen , Landecho Manuel F. , Rua Marta , Pérez-Warnisher Teresa , Blanco Laura , Sarvide Sarai , Vilas-Zornoza Amaia , Alignani Diego , Moreno Cristina , Pineda Iñigo , Sogbe Miguel , Argemi Josepmaria , Paiva Bruno , Yuste José Ramón TITLE=Immunological Biomarkers of Fatal COVID-19: A Study of 868 Patients JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology VOLUME=12 YEAR=2021 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.659018 DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2021.659018 ISSN=1664-3224 ABSTRACT=

Information on the immunopathobiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rapidly increasing; however, there remains a need to identify immune features predictive of fatal outcome. This large-scale study characterized immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection using multidimensional flow cytometry, with the aim of identifying high-risk immune biomarkers. Holistic and unbiased analyses of 17 immune cell-types were conducted on 1,075 peripheral blood samples obtained from 868 COVID-19 patients and on samples from 24 patients presenting with non-SARS-CoV-2 infections and 36 healthy donors. Immune profiles of COVID-19 patients were significantly different from those of age-matched healthy donors but generally similar to those of patients with non-SARS-CoV-2 infections. Unsupervised clustering analysis revealed three immunotypes during SARS-CoV-2 infection; immunotype 1 (14% of patients) was characterized by significantly lower percentages of all immune cell-types except neutrophils and circulating plasma cells, and was significantly associated with severe disease. Reduced B-cell percentage was most strongly associated with risk of death. On multivariate analysis incorporating age and comorbidities, B-cell and non-classical monocyte percentages were independent prognostic factors for survival in training (n=513) and validation (n=355) cohorts. Therefore, reduced percentages of B-cells and non-classical monocytes are high-risk immune biomarkers for risk-stratification of COVID-19 patients.