AUTHOR=Santos Juliana de Melo Batista dos , Soares Camila Pereira , Monteiro Fernanda Rodrigues , Mello Ralyria , Amaral Jonatas Bussador do , Aguiar Andressa Simões , Soledade Mariana Pereira , Sucupira Carolina , De Paulis Milena , Andrade Juliana Bannwart , Almeida Flavia Jaqueline , Sáfadi Marco Aurélio Palazzi , Mau Luciana Becker , Brasil Jamile Menezes , Ramalho Theresa , Loures Flávio V. , Vieira Rodolfo Paula , Durigon Edison Luiz , de Oliveira Danielle Bruna Leal , Bachi André Luis Lacerda 

TITLE=In Nasal Mucosal Secretions, Distinct IFN and IgA Responses Are Found in Severe and Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infection

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=12

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.595343

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2021.595343

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=<p>Likely as in other viral respiratory diseases, SARS-CoV-2 elicit a local immune response, which includes production and releasing of both cytokines and secretory immunoglobulin (SIgA). Therefore, in this study, we investigated the levels of specific-SIgA for SARS-CoV-2 and cytokines in the airways mucosa 37 patients who were suspected of COVID-19. According to the RT-PCR results, the patients were separated into three groups: negative for COVID-19 and other viruses (NEGS, <italic>n</italic> = 5); negative for COVID-19 but positive for the presence of other viruses (OTHERS, <italic>n</italic> = 5); and the positive for COVID-19 (COVID-19, <italic>n</italic> = 27). Higher specific-SIgA for SARS-CoV-2, IFN-β, and IFN-γ were found in the COVID-19 group than in the other groups. Increased IL-12p70 levels were observed in OTHERS group as compared to COVID-19 group. When the COVID-19 group was sub stratified according to the illness severity, significant differences and correlations were found for the same parameters described above comparing severe COVID-19 to the mild COVID-19 group and other non-COVID-19 groups. For the first time, significant differences are shown in the airway's mucosa immune responses in different groups of patients with or without respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>