AUTHOR=Nishikoba Nao , Kumagai Kotaro , Kanmura Shuji , Nakamura Yuko , Ono Mayumi , Eguchi Hiromi , Kamibayashiyama Tomomi , Oda Kohei , Mawatari Seiichi , Tanoue Shiroh , Hashimoto Shinichi , Tsubouchi Hirohito , Ido Akio 

TITLE=HGF-MET Signaling Shifts M1 Macrophages Toward an M2-Like Phenotype Through PI3K-Mediated Induction of Arginase-1 Expression

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=11

YEAR=2020

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.02135

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2020.02135

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Backgrounds and Aims:</bold> Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)-MET signaling is known to promote biological functions such as cell survival, cell motility, and cell proliferation. However, it is unknown if HGF-MET alters the macrophage phenotype. In this study, we aimed to study the effects of HGF-MET signaling on the M1 macrophage phenotype.</p><p><bold>Methods and Materials:</bold> Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) isolated from mice were either polarized to an M1 phenotype by IFN-γ and LPS treatment or to an M2 phenotype by IL-4 treatment. Changes in M1 or M2 markers induced by HGF-MET signaling were evaluated. Mechanisms responsible for alternations in the macrophage phenotype and intracellular metabolism were analyzed.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> c-Met was expressed especially in M1 macrophages polarized by treatment with IFN-γ and LPS. In M1 macrophages, HGF-MET signaling induced the expression of <italic>Arg-1</italic> mRNA and secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β1 and downregulated the mRNA expression of <italic>iNOS, TNF-</italic>α, and <italic>IL-6</italic>. In addition, activation of the PI3K pathway and inactivation of NFκB were also observed in M1 macrophages treated with HGF. The increased Arg-1 expression and IL-10 secretion were abrogated by PI3K inhibition, whereas, no changes were observed in TNF-α and IL-6 expression. The inactivation of NFκB was found to be independent of the PI3K pathway. HGF-MET signaling shifted the M1 macrophages to an M2-like phenotype, mainly through PI3K-mediated induction of Arg-1 expression. Finally, HGF-MET signaling also shifted the M1 macrophage intracellular metabolism toward an M2 phenotype, especially with respect to fatty acid metabolism.</p><p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> Our results suggested that HGF treatment not only promotes regeneration in epithelial cells, but also leads to tissue repair by altering M1 macrophages to an M2-like phenotype.</p>