AUTHOR=Schniering Janine , Benešová Martina , Brunner Matthias , Haller Stephanie , Cohrs Susan , Frauenfelder Thomas , Vrugt Bart , Feghali-Bostwick Carol , Schibli Roger , Distler Oliver , Müller Cristina , Maurer Britta 

TITLE=18F-AzaFol for Detection of Folate Receptor-β Positive Macrophages in Experimental Interstitial Lung Disease—A Proof-of-Concept Study

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2019

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02724

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2019.02724

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Background:</bold> Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common and severe complication in rheumatic diseases. Folate receptor-β is expressed on activated, but not resting macrophages which play a key role in dysregulated tissue repair including ILD. We therefore aimed to pre-clinically evaluate the potential of <sup>18</sup>F-AzaFol-based PET/CT (positron emission computed tomography/computed tomography) for the specific detection of macrophage-driven pathophysiologic processes in experimental ILD.</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold> The pulmonary expression of folate receptor-β was analyzed in patients with different subtypes of ILD as well as in bleomycin (BLM)-treated mice and respective controls using immunohistochemistry. PET/CT was performed at days 3, 7, and 14 after BLM instillation using the <sup>18</sup>F-based folate radiotracer <sup>18</sup>F-AzaFol. The specific pulmonary accumulation of the radiotracer was assessed by <italic>ex vivo</italic> PET/CT scans and quantified by <italic>ex vivo</italic> biodistribution studies.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> Folate receptor-β expression was 3- to 4-fold increased in patients with fibrotic ILD, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and connective tissue disease-related ILD, and significantly correlated with the degree of lung remodeling. A similar increase in the expression of folate receptor-β was observed in experimental lung fibrosis, where it also correlated with disease extent. In the mouse model of BLM-induced ILD, pulmonary accumulation of <sup>18</sup>F-AzaFol reflected macrophage-related disease development with good correlation of folate receptor-β positivity with radiotracer uptake. In the <italic>ex vivo</italic> imaging and biodistribution studies, the maximum lung accumulation was observed at day 7 with a mean accumulation of 1.01 ± 0.30% injected activity/lung in BLM-treated vs. control animals (0.31 ± 0.06% % injected activity/lung; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01).</p><p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> Our preclinical proof-of-concept study demonstrated the potential of <sup>18</sup>F-AzaFol as a novel imaging tool for the visualization of macrophage-driven fibrotic lung diseases.</p>