AUTHOR=Bumiller-Bini Valéria , Cipolla Gabriel Adelman , Spadoni Mariana Basso , Augusto Danillo Gardenal , Petzl-Erler Maria Luiza , Beltrame Marcia Holsbach , Boldt Angelica Beate Winter 

TITLE=Condemned or Not to Die? Gene Polymorphisms Associated With Cell Death in Pemphigus Foliaceus

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2019

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02416

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2019.02416

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=<p>Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is an autoimmune blistering skin disease that occurs sporadically across the globe and is endemic in Brazil. Keratinocyte adhesion loss (acantholysis) is associated with high levels of anti-desmoglein 1 IgG autoantibodies, but the role of cell death is poorly understood in PF. Current evidence disqualifies apoptosis as the major cell death mechanism and no other process has yet been investigated. To approach the role of variation in genes responsible for cell death pathways in pemphigus susceptibility, we systematically investigated the frequencies of 1,167 polymorphisms from genes encoding products of all 12 well-established cell death cascades (intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic, NETotic, lysosome-dependent, autophagy-dependent, and immunogenic). By multivariate logistic regression, we compared allelic and genotypic frequencies of 227 PF patients and 194 controls obtained by microarray hybridization. We found 10 variants associated with PF (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.005), belonging to six cell death pathways: apoptosis (<italic>TNF, TRAF2, CD36</italic>, and <italic>PAK2</italic>), immunogenic cell death (<italic>EIF2AK3, CD47</italic>, and <italic>SIRPA</italic>), necroptosis (<italic>TNF</italic> and <italic>TRAF2</italic>), necrosis (<italic>RAPGEF3</italic>), parthanatos (<italic>HK1</italic>), and pyroptosis (<italic>PRKN</italic>). Five polymorphisms were associated with susceptibility: <italic>TNF rs1800630</italic>*<italic>A</italic> (<italic>OR</italic> = 1.9, <italic>p</italic> = 0.0003), <italic>CD36 rs4112274</italic>*<italic>T</italic> (<italic>OR</italic> = 2.14, <italic>p</italic> = 0.0015), <italic>CD47 rs12695175</italic>*<italic>G</italic> (<italic>OR</italic> = 1.77, <italic>p</italic> = 0.0043), <italic>SIRPA rs6075340</italic>*<italic>A/A</italic> (<italic>OR</italic> = 2.75, <italic>p</italic> = 0.0009), and <italic>HK1 rs7072268</italic>*<italic>T</italic> (<italic>OR</italic> = 1.48, <italic>p</italic> = 0.0045). Other five variants were associated with protection: <italic>TRAF2 rs10781522</italic>*<italic>G</italic> (<italic>OR</italic> = 0.64, <italic>p</italic> = 0.0014), <italic>PAK2 rs9325377</italic>*<italic>A/A</italic> (<italic>OR</italic> = 0.48, <italic>p</italic> = 0.0023), <italic>EIF2AK3 rs10167879</italic>*<italic>T</italic> (<italic>OR</italic> = 0.48, <italic>p</italic> = 0.0007), <italic>RAPGEF3 rs10747521</italic>*<italic>A/A</italic> (<italic>OR</italic> = 0.42, <italic>p</italic> = 0.0040), and <italic>PRKN rs9355950</italic>*<italic>C</italic> (<italic>OR</italic> = 0.57, <italic>p</italic> = 0.0004). Through functional annotation, we found that all associated alleles, with the exception of <italic>PRKN rs9355950</italic>*<italic>C</italic>, were previously associated with differential gene expression levels in healthy individuals (mostly in skin and peripheral blood). Further functional validation of these genetic associations may contribute to the understanding of PF etiology and to the development of new drugs and therapeutic regimens for the disease.</p>