AUTHOR=Gunderstofte Camilla , Iversen Marie Beck , Peri Suraj , Thielke Anne , Balachandran Siddharth , Holm Christian Kanstrup , Olagnier David 

TITLE=Nrf2 Negatively Regulates Type I Interferon Responses and Increases Susceptibility to Herpes Genital Infection in Mice

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2019

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02101

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2019.02101

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=<p>Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) is a leading cause of sexually transmitted infections for which no effective vaccines or prophylactic treatment currently exist. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and has been more recently shown to regulate inflammatory and antiviral responses. Here, we evaluated the importance of Nrf2 in the control of HSV-2 genital infection, and its role in the regulation of HSV-induced innate antiviral immunity. Comparison of antiviral gene expression profile by RNA-sequencing analysis of wild type and <italic>Nrf2</italic>-mutant (<italic>Nrf2</italic><sup><italic>AY</italic>/<italic>AY</italic></sup>) murine macrophages showed an upregulation at the basal level of the type I interferon-associated gene network. The same basal increased antiviral profile was also observed in the spleen of <italic>Nrf2</italic><sup>−/−</sup> mice. Interestingly, the lack of Nrf2 in murine cells was sufficient to increase the responsiveness to HSV-derived dsDNA and protect cells from HSV-2 infection <italic>in vitro</italic>. Surprisingly, there was no indication of an alteration in STING expression in murine cells as previously reported in cells of human origin. Additionally, genetic activation of Nrf2 in <italic>Keap1</italic><sup>−/−</sup> mouse embryonic fibroblasts increased HSV-2 infectivity and replication. Finally, using an <italic>in vivo</italic> vaginal herpes infection model, we showed that Nrf2 controlled early innate immune responses to HSV-2 without affecting STING expression levels. <italic>Nrf2</italic><sup>−/−</sup> mice exhibited reduced viral replication that was associated with higher level of type I interferons in vaginal washes. <italic>Nrf2</italic><sup>−/−</sup> mice also displayed reduced weight loss, lower disease scores, and higher survival rates than wild type animals. Collectively, these data identify Nrf2 as a negative regulator of the interferon-driven antiviral response to HSV-2 without impairing STING mRNA and protein expression levels in murine cells.</p>