AUTHOR=Magistrelli Luca , Amoruso Angela , Mogna Luca , Graziano Teresa , Cantello Roberto , Pane Marco , Comi Cristoforo 

TITLE=Probiotics May Have Beneficial Effects in Parkinson's Disease: In vitro Evidence

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2019

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00969

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2019.00969

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Background:</bold> Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons and intraneuronal accumulation of alpha-synuclein, both in the basal ganglia and in peripheral sites, such as the gut. Peripheral immune activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are important pathogenetic features of PD. In this context, the present study focused on the assessment of <italic>in vitro</italic> effects of probiotic bacterial strains in PBMCs isolated from PD patients vs. healthy controls.</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold> 40 PD patients and 40 matched controls have been enrolled. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and co-cultured with a selection of probiotics microorganisms belonging to the <italic>lactobacillus</italic> and <italic>bifidobacterium</italic> genus. <italic>In vitro</italic> release of the major pro- (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha and Interleukin-17A and 6) and anti-inflammatory (Interleukin 4 and 10) cytokines by PBMCs, as well as the production of ROS was investigated. Furthermore, we assessed the ability of probiotics to influence membrane integrity, antagonize the growth of potential pathogen bacteria, such as <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> and <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> and encode tyrosine decarboxylase genes (<italic>tdc</italic>).</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> All probiotic strains were able to inhibit inflammatory cytokines and ROS production in both patients and controls. The most striking results were obtained in PD subjects with <italic>L. salivarius</italic> LS01 and <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> which significantly reduced pro-inflammatory and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokines (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, most strains determined restoration of membrane integrity and inhibition of <italic>E. coli</italic> and <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>. Finally, we also showed that all the strains do not carry <italic>tdc</italic> gene, which is known to decrease levodopa bioavailability in PD patients under treatment.</p><p><bold>Conclusions:</bold> Probiotics exert promising <italic>in vitro</italic> results in decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and potentially pathogenic bacterial overgrowth. <italic>In vivo</italic> longitudinal data are mandatory to support the use of bacteriotherapy in PD.</p>