AUTHOR=Muccio Marco , Pilloni Giuseppina , Walton Masters Lillian , He Peidong , Krupp Lauren , Datta Abhishek , Bikson Marom , Charvet Leigh , Ge Yulin 

TITLE=Simultaneous and cumulative effects of tDCS on cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in multiple sclerosis

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

VOLUME=18

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1418647

DOI=10.3389/fnhum.2024.1418647

ISSN=1662-5161

ABSTRACT=<sec id="sec1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique with simultaneous (during stimulation) and cumulative effects (after repeated sessions) on blood flow and neuronal metabolism. These effects remain mostly unclear especially in multiple sclerosis (MS). This work aims to elucidate brain metabolic and hemodynamic underpinnings of tDCS and its potential therapeutic impact in MS patients using quantitative tDCS-MRI.</p></sec><sec id="sec2"><title>Methods</title><p>MS participants (n = 20; age = 45.4 ± 12.3 years, 7 males) underwent 3 T MRI scans before and after 20 daily sessions of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLFPC) tDCS (2.0 mA, left anodal) paired with adaptive cognitive training (aCT). During both visits, imaging measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral venous blood oxygenation (Yv) and calculated cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO<sub>2</sub>) were obtained at pre-tDCS, during-tDCS and post-tDCS.</p></sec><sec id="sec3"><title>Results</title><p>At baseline, significant increase from pre- to during-tDCS was observed in CMRO<sub>2</sub> (7.6%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.002), CBF (11.0%; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0001) and Yv (1.9%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.006). At follow up, we observed an increase in pre-tDCS CMRO<sub>2</sub> (140.59 ± 13.83 μmol/100 g/min) compared to baseline pre-tDCS levels (128.30 ± 14.00 μmol/100 g/min; <italic>p</italic> = 0.006). Sustained elevations in CMRO<sub>2</sub> and CBF into post-tDCS were also observed (tDCS lingering effects). Cumulative tDCS effects were observed in the form of sustained elevations in CMRO<sub>2</sub> and CBF in pre-tDCS follow up, reaching the magnitudes measured at baseline during-tDCS.</p></sec><sec id="sec4"><title>Discussion</title><p>TDCS induces an acute surge in metabolic activity persisting immediately after the stimulation is removed. Moreover, treatment composed of repeated tDCS-aCT paired sessions contributes to establishing long-lasting increases in neuronal activity.</p></sec>