Jacek Rogala ^1* Joanna Dreszer ² Marcin Sińczuk ³ Łukasz Miciuk ² Ewa Piątkowska- Janko ³ Piotr Bogorodzki ³ Tomasz Wolak ⁴ Andrzej Wrobel ⁵ Marek Konarzewski ⁶

• ¹ University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
• ² Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Pomeranian, Poland
• ³ Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Masovian, Poland
• ⁴ Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing (IFPS), Warsaw, Masovian, Poland
• ⁵ Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Masovian, Poland
• ⁶ University of Białystok, Białystok, Podlaskie, Poland

Exploring gender differences in cognitive abilities offers vital insights into human brain functioning. Our study utilized advanced techniques like magnetic resonance thermometry, standard working memory n-back tasks, and functional MRI to investigate if gender-based variations in brain temperature correlate with distinct neuronal responses and working memory capabilities. We observed a significant decrease in average brain temperature in males during working memory tasks, a phenomenon not seen in females. Although changes in female brain temperature were significantly lower than in males, we found an inverse relationship between the absolute temperature change (ATC) and cognitive performance, alongside a correlation with blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal change induced by neural activity. This suggests that in females, ATC is a crucial determinant for the link between cognitive performance and BOLD responses, a linkage not evident in males. However, we also observed additional female specific BOLD responses aligned with comparable task performance to that of males. Our results suggest that females compensate for their brain's heightened temperature sensitivity by activating additional neuronal networks to support working memory. This study not only underscores the complexity of gender differences in cognitive processing but also opens new avenues for understanding how temperature fluctuations influence brain functionality.Gender differences in cognition are of high scientific and social interest. Yet, those differences (if any) remain elusive. Here we used magnetic resonance thermometry and functional MRI to examine whether gender differences in working memory performance are determined by subtle, yet detectable between-sex differences in local brain temperature fluctuations mediated by local neuronal activity. We found that working memory performance did not differ between genders. Yet, a female's working memory performance was more sensitive to brain temperature variation compared to males'. Furthermore, the negative impact of temperature change on female cognitive functions was compensated by higher neuronal activity in other task-specific brain areas. This compensation may account for equivocal results of studies on the between-sex differences in cognitive performance.