Sanjay Kumar
Patric Bach
Dimitrios Kourtis- 1Psychology, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- 2School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- 3Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
Editorial on the Research Topic
Behavioral and Neural Bases of Object Affordance Processing and Its Clinical Implications
Gibson's, 1979 concept of affordances had a major impact on psychology and neuroscience. The term denotes the actions that the environment makes possible—“affords”—for the organism in a situation: that this chair may be sat on, that this ball could be thrown about this far, and that this vase might break if not handled carefully. In Gibson's original formulation organisms would “directly perceive” those affordances that are relevant to them, given their current action capabilities, allowing them to carry out those most in their line with their goals.
Research since then has shown that people are indeed exquisitely sensitive to the affordances around them, in a manner that is precisely calibrated to their body's real capabilities. For example, whether people perceive stairs as climbable can be predicted from the ratio of stair height to their leg length (Warren, 1984), and similar scaling have been demonstrated for other actions too, such as reaching and grasping (Cesari and Newell, 1999), taking into account any tools one may have access to (Farnè and Làdavas, 2000). People even make these judgments for others (Stoffregen et al., 1999), suggesting that actors do not only understand what the environment affords them in a situation, but also the people around them (Bach et al., 2014; McDonough et al., 2020).
Research in psychology and neuroscience has focussed on identifying the cognitive and brain mechanisms that achieve this translation of organism-relevant environmental features into action. In a seminal series of experiments, Tucker and Ellis (1998, 2001) demonstrated that simply seeing an object biases behaviour toward actions that match the object features (e.g., precision grips for small objects, power grips for large objects; see also Tipper et al., 2006; Bub and Masson, 2010). Neuroimaging brought complementary evidence that actionable objects activate respective part of the neuronal system involved in controlling the relevant actions toward them (Grezes and Decety, 2002; Roux-Sibilon et al., 2018). Neuropsychology showed that the affordances of an object, and how they fit current action plans, directly impact how the world is perceived (Humphreys and Riddoch, 2001; Riddoch et al., 2003).
These findings demonstrated that affordances have a neuro-cognitive reality and play a substantial role in structuring behaviour (for reviews, see Buxbaum and Kalénine, 2010; Thill et al., 2013; Borghi and Riggio, 2015). Yet, their precise role in theory, action control and cognition are hotly debated. For example, it is unclear (a) whether affordance perception depends on attention, or whether, conversely, affordances guide attention to goal-relevant objects (Humphreys et al., 2013). It is debated (b) whether affordances are perceived dynamically, relative to the current environmental context and capabilities and goals of the actor, or whether they are retrieved in a more rigid manner, based on memory of prior interactions with the object (Bub et al., 2008; Kourtis and Vingerhoets, 2015; Osiurak et al., 2017; Kourtis et al., 2018). Research has (c) also asked how affordance processing relates to space, both in terms of a common spatial coding of object and body features (Cho and Proctor, 2013), and in terms of how affordances and our own action capabilities structure the space we act in, individually and also with others (Farnè and Làdavas, 2000).
This special issue was convened to bring together top researchers in the field of affordances and provide a forum to discuss and potentially resolve some of these open questions. The contributions we received provide a microcosm of the above issues and provide a spotlight on current research that attempts to resolve them.
Scerrati et al. test whether the functional properties of objects—what they are for and whether they are configured to achieve this function—play a role in facilitating action, in other words, whether affordances drive action especially for objects with which goals can potentially be achieved. Their research therefore links affordance perception to prospective control and how it helps the organism achieve their higher-level goals (Turvey, 1992).
Osiurak et al. challenge the prevalent view that the perception of affordances, and their translation into action, is governed by memory of rigid object-behaviour links (e.g., that perception of a hammer invokes the representation of hammering). Instead, their theoretical account supports the notion of a technical reasoning process that makes use of the currently available transformations in the environment and combines them to make a variety of complex actions possible.
Costantini et al. test the assumption that affordance perception and action are deeply intertwined. They ask whether the link between objects and current actions already bias perception and attention toward those objects one can most effectively interact with. They indeed show that people identify even non-affording object features (such as colour) more quickly when the object itself is linked to one's current actions.
Keric and Sebanz investigate the idea that affordance perception is tuned to the current capabilities of the body. They put to test the influential view that the effort when interacting with object biases perception of their visuospatial attributes (e.g., that the perceived height of an object depends on how effortfully it could be reached). Their results invite scepticism for this idea, at least for the way this is typically tested and suggest that effort-based effects in the prior literature may reflect how people construe the tasks rather than a feature of perceptual processing itself.
Kumar et al. investigate the processes that link the properties of an object to relevant behaviour. They reveal that a component in the EEG, the N2pc, indicative of visual selection, is sensitive to the match of a hand posture and the type of action an object affords. Their results therefore provide evidence that the matching of objects to the body determines attentional selection.
Finally, Coello and Cartaud provide a theoretical account of the role of peripersonal space in structuring one's interaction with both objects and other people, guiding actions toward rewarding interactions and away from those that are potentially harmful. They advance the proposal that peripersonal space may flexibly guide interactions with objects and other people, and act as a buffer against unwanted interactions.
Author Contributions
All the authors contributed to the draft and approved the final submission.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
Bach, P., Nicholson, T., and Hudson, M. (2014). The affordance-matching hypothesis: how objects guide action understanding and prediction. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8:254. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00254
Borghi, A. M., and Riggio, L. (2015). Stable and variable affordances are both automatic and flexible. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 9:351. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00351
Bub, D. N., and Masson, M. E. J. (2010). Grasping beer mugs: on the dynamics of alignment effects induced by handled objects. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 36, 341–358. doi: 10.1037/a0017606
Bub, D. N., Masson, M. E. J., and Cree, G. S. (2008). Evocation of functional and volumetric gestural knowledge by objects and words. Cognition 106, 27–58. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2006.12.010
Buxbaum, L. J., and Kalénine, S. (2010). Action knowledge, visuomotor activation, and embodiment in the two action systems. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1191, 201–218. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05447.x
Cesari, P., and Newell, K. M. (1999). The scaling of human grip configurations. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 25, 927–935. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.25.4.927
Cho, D. T., and Proctor, R. W. (2013). Object-based correspondence effects for action-relevant and surface-property judgments with keypress responses: evidence for a basis in spatial coding. Psychol. Res. 77, 618–636. doi: 10.1007/s00426-012-0458-4
Farnè, A., and Làdavas, E. (2000). Dynamic size-change of hand peripersonal space following tool use. Neuroreport 11, 1645–1649. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200006050-00010
Grezes, J., and Decety, J. (2002). Does visual perception of object afford action? Evidence from a neuroimaging study. Neuropsychologia 40, 212–222. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00089-6
Humphreys, G., and Riddoch, M. J. (2001). Detection by action: evidence for affordances in search in neglect. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 84–88. doi: 10.1038/82940
Humphreys, G. W., Kumar, S., Yoon, E. Y., Wulff, M., Roberts, K. L., and Riddoch, M. J. (2013). Attending to the possibilities of action. Phil. Trans. R Soc. B 368:20130059. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0059
Kourtis, D., Vandemaele, P., and Vingerhoets, G. (2018). Concurrent cortical representations of function-and size-related object affordances: an fMRI study. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 18, 1221–1232. doi: 10.3758/s13415-018-0633-1
Kourtis, D., and Vingerhoets, G. (2015). Perceiving objects by their function: an EEG study on feature saliency and prehensile affordances. Biol. Psychol. 110, 138–147. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.07.017
McDonough, K. L., Costantini, M., Hudson, M., Ward, E., and Bach, P. (2020). Affordance matching predictively shapes the perceptual representation of others' ongoing actions. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 46, 847–859. doi: 10.1037/xhp0000745
Osiurak, F., Rossetti, Y., and Badets, A. (2017). What is an affordance? 40 years later. Neurosc. Biobehav. Rev. 77, 403–417. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.014
Riddoch, M. J., Humphreys, G. W., Edwards, S., Baker, T., and Willson, K. (2003). Seeing the action: Neuropsychological evidence for action-based effects on object selection. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 82–89. doi: 10.1038/nn984
Roux-Sibilon, S., Kalénine, C., Pichat, C., and Peyrin, C. (2018). Dorsal and ventral stream contribution to the paired-object affordance effect. Neuropsychologia 112, 125–134. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.007
Stoffregen, T. A., Gorday, K. M., Sheng, Y.-Y., and Flynn, S. B. (1999). Perceiving affordances for another person's actions. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 25, 120–136. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.25.1.120
Thill, S., Caligiore, D., Borghi, A. M., Ziemke, T., and Baldassarre, G. (2013). Theories and computational models of affordance and mirror systems: an integrative review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 491–521. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.012
Tipper, S. P., Paul, M. A., and Hayes, A. E. (2006). Vision-for-action: The effects of object property discrimination and action state on affordance compatibility effects. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 13, 493–498. doi: 10.3758/BF03193875
Tucker, M., and Ellis, R. (1998). On the relations between seen objects and components of potential actions. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 24:830. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.24.3.830
Tucker, M., and Ellis, R. (2001). The potentiation of grasp types during visual object categorization. Vis. Cogn. 8, 769–800. doi: 10.1080/13506280042000144
Turvey, M. T. (1992). Affordances and prospective control: an outline of the ontology. Ecol. Psychol. 4, 173–187. doi: 10.1207/s15326969eco0403_3
Keywords: affordance, attention, action, EEG, compatibility
Citation: Kumar S, Bach P and Kourtis D (2021) Editorial: Behavioral and Neural Bases of Object Affordance Processing and Its Clinical Implications. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 15:759377. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.759377
Received: 16 August 2021; Accepted: 31 August 2021;
Published: 24 September 2021.
Edited and reviewed by: Lutz Jäncke, University of Zurich, Switzerland
Copyright © 2021 Kumar, Bach and Kourtis. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Sanjay Kumar, c2t1bWFyJiN4MDAwNDA7YnJvb2tlcy5hYy51aw==; Patric Bach, cGF0cmljLmJhY2gmI3gwMDA0MDthYmRuLmFjLnVr