AUTHOR=Fernandes Thiago P. , Hovis Jeffery K. , Almeida Natalia , Souto Jandirlly J. S. , Bonifacio Thiago Augusto , Rodrigues Stephanye , Silva Gabriella Medeiros , Andrade Michael Oliveira , Silva Jessica Bruna , Gomes Giulliana H. , Oliveira Milena Edite , Lima Eveline Holanda , Gomes Maria Eduarda , Junior Marcos V. A. , Martins Mariana Lopes , Santos Natanael A. 

TITLE=Effects of Nicotine Gum Administration on Vision (ENIGMA-Vis): Study Protocol of a Double-Blind, Randomized, and Controlled Clinical Trial

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

VOLUME=14

YEAR=2020

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00314

DOI=10.3389/fnhum.2020.00314

ISSN=1662-5161

ABSTRACT=<p>Studies reported that tobacco addiction was related to visual impairments, but one unresolved issue is whether the impairments are related to the many compounds existing in the cigarettes or to the effects of nicotine. On the other hand, nicotine gum can be used as replacement therapy or as a neuroprotective agent for some diseases. The main purpose of this controlled trial is to investigate the effects of nicotine gum on vision. The ENIGMA-Vis trial aims to compare two dosages of nicotine gum (2 and 4 mg) and a placebo gum in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 100 participants to be allocated into a single group assignment of repeated measures (two studies; <italic>N</italic> = 50 for each one). Eligibility criteria are healthy non-smokers not diagnosed with substance abuse and without an acute or chronic medical condition. Intervention will last three sessions for each participant with a window frame of 1 week per session. Study outcomes are (1) short-term effects of nicotine gum on contrast sensitivity; (2) short-term effects of nicotine gum on chromatic contrast discrimination; and (3) whether demographics, body mass index, or serum cotinine predicts response of visual processing. This study addresses an important gap in the effects of nicotine on vision. One of the main takeaways of this study is to understand the effects of nicotine on contrast sensitivity and chromatic contrast discrimination. This information will provide a further understanding of how nicotine interacts with early visual processes and help determine how the different components present during smoking can affect vision.</p><p><bold>Clinical Trial Registration Number:</bold> RBR-46tjy3.</p>