AUTHOR=Croarkin Paul E. , Nakonezny Paul A. , Lewis Charles P. , Zaccariello Michael J. , Huxsahl John E. , Husain Mustafa M. , Kennard Betsy D. , Emslie Graham J. , Daskalakis Zafiris J. 

TITLE=Developmental aspects of cortical excitability and inhibition in depressed and healthy youth: an exploratory study

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

VOLUME=8

YEAR=2014

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00669

DOI=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00669

ISSN=1662-5161

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Objectives:</bold> The objective of this <italic>post-hoc</italic> exploratory analysis was to examine the relationship between age and measures of cortical excitability and inhibition.</p><p><bold>Methods</bold>: Forty-six participants (24 with major depressive disorder and 22 healthy controls) completed MT, SICI, ICF, and CSP testing in a cross-sectional protocol. Of these 46 participants, 33 completed LICI testing. Multiple linear robust regression and Spearman partial correlation coefficient were used to examine the relationship between age and the TMS measures.</p><p><bold>Results</bold>: In the overall sample of 46 participants, age had a significant negative relationship with motor threshold (MT) in both the right (<italic>r</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = −0.49, adjusted <italic>p</italic> = 0.007; β = −0.08, adjusted <italic>p</italic> = 0.001) and left (<italic>r</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = −0.42, adjusted <italic>p</italic> = 0.029; β = −0.05, adjusted <italic>p</italic> = 0.004) hemispheres. This significant negative relationship of age with MT was also observed in the sample of depressed youth in both the right (<italic>r</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = −0.70, adjusted <italic>p</italic> = 0.002; β = −0.09, adjusted <italic>p</italic> = 0.001) and left (<italic>r</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = −0.54, adjusted <italic>p</italic> = 0.034; β = −0.05, adjusted <italic>p</italic> = 0.017) hemispheres, but not in healthy controls. In the sample of the 33 participants who completed LICI testing, age had a significant negative relationship with LICI (200 ms interval) in both the right (<italic>r</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = −0.48, adjusted <italic>p</italic> = 0.05; β = −0.24, adjusted <italic>p</italic> = 0.007) and left (<italic>r</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = −0.64, adjusted <italic>p</italic> = 0.002; β = −0.23, adjusted <italic>p</italic> = 0.001) hemispheres. This negative relationship between age and LICI (200 ms interval) was also observed in depressed youth in both the right (<italic>r</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = −0.76, adjusted <italic>p</italic> = 0.034; β = −0.35, adjusted <italic>p</italic> = 0.004) and left (<italic>r</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = −0.92, adjusted <italic>p</italic> = 0.002; β = −0.25, adjusted <italic>p</italic> = 0.001) hemispheres.</p><p><bold>Conclusion</bold>: These findings suggest that younger children have higher MTs. This is more pronounced in depressed youth than healthy controls. LICI inhibition may also increase with age in youth.</p>