Desale T. Abraha ^*

• Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

NGOs can foster a more inclusive and effective civil society in the Global South by collaborating and amplifying marginalized voices. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) must prioritize establishing robust relationships with local communities and advocating for their needs to achieve a favorable outcome. As Sandri (2017) stated in his article, "Humanitarian aid to refugees in the Jungle refugee camp of Calais necessitates a diverse array of resources," including housing, food, healthcare, and education. This justifies the responsibility for humanitarian assistance. A later study estimates that around 117.2 million people will be displaced worldwide by 2024, mainly in countries at risk from climate change (UNHCR, 2023).As a result, the refugees' grievances are increasingly complex and unmanageable. Consequently, a thorough policy to allocate and maintain a just global responsibility will come into effect. By enabling peer-to-peer crowdfunding and ensuring secure digital storage of identity documents, blockchain technology can present creative options to assist marginalized individuals. However, it is essential to assess the ethical and logistical consequences of these technological advancements and protect the privacy and rights of refugees. Using blockchain technology, a secure digital identification system can be created that helps refugees overcome common Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics identification obstacles. However, the blockchain system may need to be more effective for refugees in regions with limited access to technology or reliable internet connectivity, as this solution may need to be more practical for them. Also, certain refugees may need the necessary knowledge or resources to navigate and employ a sophisticated digital identification system efficiently. For instance, the absence of internet infrastructure may present a challenge for a refugee residing in a remote camp to access the blockchain system, impeding their ability to verify their identity and access essential services. Mballa et al. (2020) found that refugees residing in urban areas with improved connectivity and resources may find the blockchain system more accessible and advantageous for establishing secure identification. As he stated in his article, this system may encompass critical documents, such as diplomas, health records, and birth certificates, to facilitate the reconstruction of refugees' lives. Although the integration of important documents may be beneficial, it does not address the fundamental problem of internet connectivity and access in remote regions, which remains a significant obstacle to the implementation of a sophisticated digital identification system such as blockchain, as other scholars such as Ager and Stronger (2008) have noted. Problems with internet access might slow down the rollout of blockchain-based identification systems in more remote places. The research primarily centers on the traditional approach to refugee management while shedding light on future developments in refugee management systems, particularly regarding providing aid and assistance. It's important to consider that individuals in these areas may require assistance using such systems as they may have limited access to reliable connectivity.Moreover, relying heavily on online verification procedures can disproportionately affect marginalized communities with limited access to reliable internet services.Additionally, concerns about privacy and security may arise from storing sensitive personal information on a blockchain platform. Despite these challenges, blockchain-based identification systems have the potential to mitigate identity theft, streamline bureaucratic processes, and provide stability and security for displaced individuals. It is imperative to prioritize the needs of countries in the Global South and ensure they have the necessary resources to help those in need cope with the increasing number of refugees (Valenti, 2022). It is imperative to address the root causes of displacement and strive for sustainable solutions.According to Habib et al. (2023), a decentralized strategy focusing on openness and accessibility is a possible solution to the difficulties of sharing resources. This approach encourages stakeholder collaboration and strengthens the sense of community ownership of resources. Due to its immutability and security, blockchain technology can efficiently manage and distribute resources to refugees, as Corte-Real et al. (2022) found. By creating an immutable registry of funds allocated to refugees, aid can be distributed more efficiently and reliably. At the same time, direct peer-to-peer transactions minimize the need for intermediaries and reduce the risk of corruption and fraud (Nwuluu & Damisa, 2023). The trust in individual donations has been bolstered by technological advancements, which have also increased transparency and accessibility. The distribution and tracking of food and supplies in refugee camps in developing countries can be significantly enhanced by blockchain technology, which can provide refugees with access to essential resources for their success in their new communities. However, challenges such as inefficient resource sharing, accessibility issues, and insufficient support for refugees must be resolved through inclusive policies and practices, which include translation services, cultural sensitivity training, and access to essential services such as healthcare and education (Ab. Wahab, 2018). To successfully integrate refugees, it is necessary to foster collaboration among various entities, such as governments, humanitarian organizations, local communities, technology companies, and NGOs.The decentralized structure of the refugee management system allows refugees and aid organizations to communicate and cooperate more directly, as Oram (2001) notes. As a result, the time required to provide assistance and support to those in need can be significantly reduced. In addition, a decentralized system can facilitate the more efficient distribution of resources and ensure that they arrive where they are most needed. The decentralized approach of a peer-to-peer refugee management system has the potential to significantly increase the efficiency and impact of humanitarian activities when considered as a whole, as researchers Wang et al. (2019) note. To ensure the successful implementation of blockchain technology in refugee situations, it is essential to thoroughly investigate the numerous obstacles and limitations associated with implementation. Collaboration with key stakeholders is critical to making informed decisions. To ensure the successful implementation of blockchain technology in refugee situations, privacy and security concerns must be prioritized. Furthermore, distributing resources to improve the welfare of refugees is of utmost importance. Collaboration techniques that utilize blockchain technology are essential to curb theft and mismanagement. Using blockchain technology, organizations can improve their initiatives by enabling accurate monitoring of the effectiveness of aid programs and evaluating their impact. Data analysis is essential to make the necessary adjustments, covering topics such as the number of families assisted and progress toward long-term goals. Building trust and ensuring sustainable use of resources are two of the most important goals that can be achieved through transparency and accountability. These goals can be achieved through processes offered by independent audits and assessments. By conducting these assessments, it is essential to identify and prevent misrepresentation, which facilitates the accurate evaluation of various activities and promotes transparency. Ultimately, this approach supports responsible use of resources and trust between the organization's multiple stakeholders. This study utilizes a qualitative methodology to gather ethnographic research findings from literature reviews, focusing on firsthand experiences and perspectives within a cultural context.Due to an absence of high-quality data on international migration, it is difficult to describe the global migration pattern accurately and can only offer approximations. In addition, the literature review on refugee management, in its broadest sense, focuses on migration. This method allows the author to delve into how societal norms and cultural backgrounds shaped the perspectives and behaviors depicted in the literature under consideration. According to Crisp (1999), migration research needs more comprehensive, high-quality data. Scholars can better understand the complexities and subtleties of the culture they are studying by immersing themselves in it. Utilizing this methodology, the study offers an in-depth examination of the cultural phenomena being studied. The research method involves having individuals review global organizations engaged in refugee protection, such as the UNHCR, NGOs, and NPOs in the global south, and then analyzing the information for common themes. Additionally, the research examines the impact of national governments on refugees and asylum seekers, Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics providing valuable insights into how to improve support for vulnerable individuals by uncovering power dynamics and decision-making within refugee policy. Investigating how blockchain data management systems and refugee politics interact is planned for the near future.In doing so, it recognizes the importance of stakeholders' knowledge and experience in international cooperation, migration prevention, and burden sharing. Still, it also acknowledges the possibility that biases and personal agendas could affect the results concerning aid assistance issues in the global south. For this reason, approaching the literature review with caution is essential for achieving objectivity and accuracy regarding the forthcoming policy for refugee management. The effective management of refugees in the Global South is associated with numerous obstacles that require inventive solutions. One major obstacle is the demand for greater transparency in resource allocation, which affects the ability to monitor resource distribution and ensure accountability (Patel, 2019). Additional challenges involve ineffective resource allocation, problems with accessibility, and insufficient assistance for refugees. To effectively address the challenges at hand, it is crucial to embrace inclusive policies and practices that prioritize the needs of refugees. This can be accomplished through various approaches, including offering translation services, providing cultural sensitivity training for service providers, and ensuring accessible healthcare facilities and schools (Ab. Wahab, 2018).Governments and humanitarian organizations can also work with local communities to build support networks and community-based initiatives that facilitate the integration of refugees into society. For example, ramps and elevators can be constructed in public buildings and transportation systems to enable access to essential services for refugees with mobility impairments (Mobilizing Global Knowledge, Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics In addition, governments and humanitarian organizations can set up community centers where refugees can receive language classes, vocational training, and counseling services (Abdi, 2005). This will promote their integration into society and reduce their marginalization. However, limited funding and competing priorities can hinder the implementation of such measures and lead to persistent barriers and the social exclusion of refugees with disabilities (Aldrich, 1990). It is critical to recognize the unique challenges of refugees with disabilities and provide sufficient resources to address their specific needs.To create a more inclusive and equitable society, we must implement initiatives that promote the integration and empowerment of refugees with disabilities (Abdi, 2005). This can be achieved by creating equitable opportunities for people to engage in society and reshape their lives. This goal can be accomplished by ensuring that refugees with disabilities have a voice in the decision-making process. In addition, accessible and inclusive infrastructure should be developed in refugee camps and host communities so that refugees with disabilities have equal access to essential services such as healthcare, education, and employment opportunities (Adelman, 2008). Specialized health services and rehabilitation programs should also address these people's physical and psychological needs (Hynie, 2018). It is vital to make efforts to increase awareness and fight against discrimination against refugees who have disabilities.Furthermore, promoting a culture of inclusion and acceptance in society is crucial (Averre & Davies, 2015). Training programs and employment opportunities should be adapted to accommodate the specific skills and abilities of refugees with disabilities. For example, a committee could be formed to address the needs and concerns of refugees with disabilities specifically. The committee would proactively solicit input from refugees with disabilities and hold regular meetings and consultations to ensure their meaningful participation in decision-making processes that directly affect them. Addressing the specific needs of refugees with disabilities requires a comprehensive approach that includes collaboration between governments, humanitarian organizations, and local communities. This approach can promote a Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics more inclusive and equitable society where all people can thrive and reach their full potential, regardless of their abilities. However, it is crucial that different disability groups are represented and efforts are effectively coordinated to avoid conflicts of interest and ensure that refugees with disabilities receive the support they need. Although known as "distributed ledger technology" and mainly discussed by tech-savvy individuals in West and North-East Asia since the late 1990s, blockchain technology has been gaining popularity since 2017. Scholars have noted that we are currently experiencing a period of global transformation in which blockchain technologies are emerging as a significant force (Tapscott & Tapscott, 2016). This transformation is expected to fundamentally reorder production governance, leading to widespread institutional consequences for the global economy (MacDonald, Potts, & Allen, 2016).According to Manski (2017), Polanyi wrote in 1944 about a remarkable transformation that drove the logic of markets into social life and created conditions that permitted the rise of fascism and social democracies. Blockchain technology, an emerging force, is ushering in another period of global transformation. A Connolly (2017) study found that over 80% of bankers expect blockchain technology to be introduced by 2020. Today, blockchain technology has become a global phenomenon and a popular topic in public speeches, academic discussions, and casual conversations. It is clear that the technology has captured the public's imagination, and its potential applications and implications will continue to grow. The technology offers several benefits for monitoring inventory and supply chain operations.Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics By leveraging blockchain's unique features, companies can enhance security, transparency, and efficiency while reducing the risk of fraud or tampering (Atzori, 2017). Blockchain's decentralized network eliminates middlemen and enables trustless transactions, making it resistant to hacking or unauthorized access. The immutability of transaction records promotes accountability and reliability, while intelligent contracts automate and streamline processes, reducing human error and administrative overhead (Allen, 2001). However, it is essential to note that implementing a blockchain system requires significant investment in infrastructure, software development, and training. Small businesses with limited resources may need assistance managing such a system, making it impractical (Atzori, 2015). Integrating blockchain technology into existing supply chain systems can also be complex and time-consuming, leading to disruptions and delays in operations (Ashurst et al., 2021). Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of using blockchain technology in inventory management are significant (Alam & Imran, 2015). Companies can automate inventory management, trigger actions such as reordering stock when it falls below a certain threshold, and share relevant data with their partners in real time. This leads to faster and more efficient supply chain operations, improved collaboration, and quicker decision-making (Cheng et al., n.d.). By identifying bottlenecks or inefficiencies in the supply chain, companies can make timely adjustments and optimize their operations, resulting in cost savings and increased customer satisfaction (Abdullah Al Dhanhani, 2020). Furthermore, implementing blockchain technology requires significant investment, but it also provides substantial benefits for companies looking to streamline their supply chain operations, increase efficiency, and improve transparency and accountability. By carefully assessing their needs and resources, companies can determine whether blockchain is the right solution for them and take steps to implement it effectively.Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics Certain humanitarian organizations have questioned the efficacy of management assistance in refugee settings. Applying blockchain technology might be a realistic way to fix this problem. With its distributed ledger system and decentralized network, this technology removes the requirement for intermediaries. Because every node records all transactions, it becomes complicated to manipulate or censor. This transparency cultivates peer-to-peer interactions and participant confidence. Because of its transparency, blockchain ensures the validity of transactions by offering a verifiable transaction record.Blockchain technology is becoming increasingly popular across many ecosystems because of its potential to foster accountability and trust. Because of its transparency, it is an excellent fit for applications like supply chain management, identity verification, and financial transactions where data integrity is vital. The decentralized nature of blockchain technology further guarantees the security and immutability of records. The efficacy of humanitarian organizations' management help in refugee contexts has been questioned. Because blockchain technology is a distributed ledger system that operates in a decentralized network, most scholarly studies have lately demonstrated that it can be an alternative to fixing their problem (Cole et al., 2019). Blockchain operates through a distributed network of nodes, unlike conventional systems that depend on centralized authorities or intermediaries to conduct transactions (Di Vaio et al., 2022). Having a single point of control is unnecessary because every node has a copy of the complete transaction history. This decentralization makes it possible for peer-to-peer interactions without middlemen, which reduces the risk of censorship, manipulation, or individual errors and increases participant trust (Alam & Imran, 2015). Due to the transparency of the blockchain, participants can confirm the legitimacy and authenticity of transactions by looking at a visible and verifiable transaction ledger. The ability of blockchain technology to promote accountability and trust across different ecosystems has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Blockchain technology is ideal for applications where data integrity is critical, such as financial transactions, supply chain management, and identity verification. Its transparency enables better monitoring and auditing.Blockchain technology is a revolutionary innovation that can create immutable records of transactions. This means that once a transaction is recorded in the blockchain, it becomes a permanent part of the ledger and cannot be retroactively changed or deleted. The technology achieves this immutability through cryptographic techniques such as hashing and consensus mechanisms like proof-of-work or proof-of-stake. These techniques ensure the integrity and reliability of data stored on the blockchain, mitigating the risk of fraud, tampering, or unauthorized modifications. The strengths of blockchain technology, such as transparency, immutability, and security, make it an attractive option for a wide range of applications. Its potential to promote trust and accountability in various ecosystems makes it a promising tool for organizations and governments seeking to enhance their operations and reduce the risk of fraudulent activities. For instance, the World Food Programme (WFP) has utilized the technology for its project "Building Blocks," enabling 10,000 Syrian refugees in Jordan to receive cash-based transfers through a blockchain-based system. Using blockchain technology in this context has helped increase accountability and transparency while reducing the risk of fraud and corruption. The project has allowed WFP to eliminate transaction fees paid to third-party financial service providers, resulting in improved beneficiary data protection, reduced financial risk, and no change in the beneficiary experience. The project is expected to pay for itself within the first year. WFP aims to scale it to reach 100,000 Syrian refugees by the end of 2017 and have a full rollout to all refugees assisted by WFP in Jordan in 2018.Blockchain technology has garnered significant attention from major multilateral institutions, including its inclusion on the agenda of the World Economic Forum in Davos. This innovative technology is highly regarded for its potential to transform industries, increase transparency, and bolster accountability, making it a preferred option for international development programs. The International Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics Monetary Fund (IMF) has expressed an optimistic outlook towards cryptocurrencies and encourages their consideration. At the same time, the World Bank has emphasized blockchain's potential in its published working papers and reports. The Rohingya community in Malaysia has even launched a pilot project, the "Blockchain Digital Identity Project for Rohingya Refugees in Malaysia." However, the borderless nature of this technology has raised concerns among nation-states regarding jurisdiction and sovereignty. These issues are increasingly discussed in academic literature, particularly concerning cybercrime and online offenses that may originate in one country but negatively impact another. In late 2015, the Estonian government implemented its e-Residency program, utilizing blockchain technology. This program allows individuals with internet access to become digital citizens of Estonia, provided they pass specific security requirements and background checks. The main objective is to simplify establishing a business in Estonia, an EU member state, making it an appealing option for foreign entities seeking to establish themselves in the trade zone.Furthermore, the managing director of the Estonian e-Residency program has stated that a national cryptocurrency called "estcoin" will soon be developed. The purpose of this cryptocurrency is to encourage more people worldwide to apply for and use e-residency, thereby supporting the growth of this new digital nation. This technology will operate on a peer-to-peer network where each node maintains a copy of the blockchain ledger. The distribution of control and data across the computer network reduces its susceptibility to censorship, manipulation, and attacks, eliminating the possibility of targeting a single control point. The blockchain network's resilience and security are enhanced through decentralization. Another benefit associated with decentralized refugee data management is democratic governance. The utilization of decentralized blockchain networks for various objectives has increased in the academic community, according to a study by Basile et al. (2023a). Application systems are distinct for the different types of blockchain infrastructure, including decentralized, centralized, and partially decentralized. A centralized master is favored over decentralized approaches in humanitarian assistance, Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics according to the majority of scholarly research, due to the critical nature of safeguarding the data and privacy of refugees. Frequently, these networks are administered via community-driven mechanisms that promote democratic decision-making regarding protocol updates, consensus regulations, and governance.As the researcher has noted, this comprehensive system enables network users to participate in creating and administrating the blockchain protocol. Ruzafa (2021a) proposes a blockchain-based platform that promotes resource sharing, trust, and security as a viable solution to tackle the challenges faced by refugees and other stakeholders in the management process. The platform's architecture facilitates an open and efficient distribution of resources amongst all parties involved in the refugee management process, ensuring a fair allocation of resources and avoiding duplication of efforts. The decentralized and tamper-proof nature of blockchain technology fosters trust amongst all parties while strengthening the security of sensitive data by encrypting and storing it within the platform. This, in turn, safeguards the privacy and confidentiality of refugees' personal information (Beduschi, 2019). This innovative approach offers a more efficient and secure way to manage refugees. It contributes to their well-being by providing timely and equitable access to essential resources. Setting up a blockchain-based platform to distribute aid during a refugee crisis can be a practical and effective solution.Non-governmental organizations, government agencies, and humanitarian groups can input their available resources into the blockchain and share their data without any centralized entity (Schneider, 2019). This innovative approach can effectively reduce corruption and administrative costs in distributing essential resources such as food, medicine, and shelter to refugees. By using smart contracts and decentralized verification mechanisms, this platform ensures a fair and efficient allocation of resources while preventing duplication of effort and ensuring everyone's needs are met. The World Food Program's Building Blocks project is a prime example of how blockchain technology can increase trust and security Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics while distributing resources effectively. Although there may be limitations where technology access is limited and privacy concerns may arise, blockchain can still be a powerful tool for refugee management if implemented correctly. It streamlines resource sharing, increases trust and security through cryptographic methods, and promotes self-determination and empowerment. While some costs and vulnerabilities are associated with implementing and maintaining the system, the potential benefits outweigh the challenges. Learning from previous digital identity platform failures, such as the Adhar Forum, and their experiences is crucial. This initiative began with providing a digital identity but ended up failing and discriminating against refugees, as discussed in the article by Peña Gangadharan & Nikla (2019). The blockchain-based platform provides a comprehensive solution to refugee management challenges, making it a promising approach for the future. The solution's heart is a blockchain-based platform explicitly tailored to refugee management. The platform provides a decentralized and transparent infrastructure for managing refugee-related data and processes using blockchain technology.This includes information about the refugee population, the distribution of relief supplies, and administrative processes. The use of blockchain ensures the integrity, immutability, and resistance of the data to unauthorized changes, thus increasing the reliability and trustworthiness of the system.According to the UNHCR, the dilemma of refugees remains a significant worldwide problem since millions of individuals are forced to leave their residences as a result of war, persecution, and other causes. Given the ongoing increase in the number of refugees, nations must unite to offer aid and support to those who require it. The UNHCR dedicates continuous efforts to championing the rights of refugees and guaranteeing their access to the necessary protection and resources to reconstruct their lives. Furthermore, a significant number of refugees originate from underdeveloped nations that lack the essential resources or infrastructure to effectively accommodate them, resulting in overcrowded refugee camps and substandard living circumstances. Moreover, certain countries may enforce stringent immigration regulations that Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics limit the ability of refugees to apply for asylum, leaving them susceptible and lacking adequate safeguards.Nevertheless, many of these nations lack a dependable civil registration system, which poses challenges in confirming the genuineness of refugees' identification papers. Although it is accurate that a significant number of refugees originate from underdeveloped nations, it is crucial to acknowledge that specific individuals may take advantage of the absence of a dependable civil registration system to provide false information about their identities. In addition, strict immigration regulations are often implemented to protect national security and discourage potential threats from entering the country.Hence, examining the obstacles and underlying causes of refugee management issues is imperative. I believe there is a need for effective management and distribution of help and an efficient bureaucratic system between donors and humanitarian relief agencies. Establishing the identity of refugees is a crucial task, but it can be complicated for various reasons. Refugees may arrive without any identification documents, as they may have had to abandon them to protect themselves and their families from persecution.People trying to escape war or natural disasters may also encounter difficulties authenticating their identity. Children are also at risk, as UNICEF reports that approximately 230 million children under the age of five worldwide are unregistered. Ensuring the legitimacy of refugees can be a challenge, as false refugees may resort to destroying their identities to conceal their nationality, place of birth, or age. Valid IDs alone are insufficient to guarantee refugees' safety and security. Also, non-western languages often use writing systems that differ from the Latin alphabet, making transliteration necessary. However, transliteration is not commonly practiced, and there are multiple ways to translate a name like 'Muhammad' from Arabic into the Latin alphabet, leading to confusion and various applications with differently transcribed documents. To avert such inconsistencies, ICAO Doc 9303, Part 3, contains tables of Cyrillic and Arabic transliteration that serve as a dependable point of reference when recording names Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics and other critical information in travel documents, utilizing blockchain technology to ensure consistency and accuracy of transliteration.Recent European research has highlighted the potential benefits of utilizing biometric identifiers for refugees. Integrating biometric data into refugee administration was first proposed in the late 1990s and has since been primarily implemented at border control points to verify entry and exit data and aid in managing watch lists. Furthermore, biometric data is now used to issue identification cards for undocumented refugees and those with unreliable original ID cards. The British and Dutch governments were pioneers in utilizing a centralized biometric database to oversee asylum seekers' applications, returns, and reintegration programs. The management of refugees and asylum seekers in Europe poses distinctive challenges due to the extensive area of free movement that needs a corresponding political and administrative union. Due to the EU data system, there is a phenomenon known as "asylum shopping," whereby individuals who have been denied asylum in one European Union country anticipate receiving a different outcome in another. Confronted with this problem, the European Union implemented the EURODAC information technology system in December 2000. Brouwer and Evelien oversaw the formal inauguration of EURODAC in January 2003. The purpose of this system is to facilitate the monitoring and identification of asylum seekers and irregular migrants passing into the European Union, therefore enabling more effective administration of immigration and border control. EURODAC securely maintains fingerprints and other biometric data to prevent people from submitting asylum applications in various countries.In addition, the system helps expedite the return to their home countries of individuals who do not qualify for asylum. "Improved global refugee management may be achievable following this experience. This should help alleviate the issues discussed in Chapter 5's 'Eurodac and VIS: Additional EU Databases Employed in the Domain of Immigration Control' from the book 'Digital Borders and Real Rights', pages 117-144." The EURODAC Regulation has recently been amended to provide law Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics enforcement officials access to the fingerprint database. The system was formerly limited to use just for asylum applications. This advancement enables law enforcement agencies to use EURODAC to efficiently identify and punish persons who are suspected of committing significant crimes or terrorism while strictly complying with the general data privacy legislation of the European Union. Upon their arrival in Europe, all migrants are officially registered and have to submit their fingerprints to control their mobility. Nevertheless, this increase in access gives rise to apprehensions over the possible abuse of the database for widespread surveillance or profiling motivated by country or race.Moreover, asylum-seeking individuals might avoid giving their fingerprints due to fear of legal repercussions. Although this process is feasible in EU Member States, it is significantly more challenging for refugees in the Global South or developing countries hosting refugees. While EURODAC serves as a fingerprint registration system for asylum seekers seeking entry into the European Union, it does not have certain limitations. Its fingerprinting capability was limited to a subset of applicants, particularly those who arrived via boat. Catherine Odorige is positioned. "A Resolution in EURODAC for the Shoppers: Venue Shopping and Asylum Shopping" (12 July 2018), presented at Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 331, unequivocally substantiated the operational mechanisms of the European Union's refugee border management system. Examining the literature in the preceding section of this paper identified divergences of opinion among scholars, policymakers, and international human rights campaigners regarding decentralized blockchain technology.There is an ongoing debate about whether decentralization can enhance privacy and security for individuals or facilitate unregulated illicit activities on decentralized networks. Furthermore, there is an active discussion around the impact of blockchain technology, particularly regarding the energy consumption linked to mining activities. Despite these divergent perspectives, it is clear that to gain a comprehensive understanding of the repercussions of decentralized blockchain technology, stakeholders must continue to collaborate and conduct further research. In addition, the 1951 Convention prohibits the Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics denial of entry based on the refusal of specific individuals to provide their fingerprints. Collecting and transferring biometric data to the EURODAC Central Unit within 72 hours may pose practical challenges. These types of delays may allow asylum seekers to circumvent verification procedures. In 2015, an estimated 1.3 million individuals entered the European Union without a valid visa, with 980,000 seeking refuge. To tackle this issue, European Union officials have proposed the creation of biometric hotspots to identify, register promptly, and fingerprint migrants, aiming to prevent potential delays that asylum seekers may exploit.Regarding data protection, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) includes various provisions for protecting data, such as standard data protection clauses issued by the Commission or supervisory authority and clauses in contracts between the controller or processor and the authorized data recipient. Furthermore, the GDPR's corporate rules become legally binding and enforceable once every member of the controller's or processor's group of undertakings has signed them. Additionally, suppose a member of the group of undertakings not established in the EU violates the binding corporate rules. In that case, the responsibility lies with the controller or processor established in an EU member state as per Article 46(2)(b).Corporations must include specific reporting mechanisms to comply with GDPR. Failure to do so may result in hefty fines of up to 4% of their annual global turnover or 20 million euros (whichever is greater). Infringements such as lacking customer consent to process data or violating the core principles of privacy by design can lead to such penalties under Article 46(1)(a). While a blockchain-based platform for refugee management has potential benefits, it may only be practical for some refugees, especially those in remote or technologically limited areas. This could hinder inclusivity and limit the effectiveness of resource sharing (Bahga & Madisetti, 2016). However, the platform can facilitate streamlined resource sharing between humanitarian organizations involved in refugee assistance (Bala & Verma, 2018). With blockchain technology, efficient coordination and allocation of resources such as Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics food, shelter, medical care, and educational materials can be achieved through smart contracts. This ensures that resources are allocated transparently and fairly according to predefined criteria (Barbino, 2019). Ultimately, this improves cooperation between organizations and optimizes resource use, leading to more effective refugee aid.Cryptographic techniques keep all transactions and data entries secure on the blockchain to maintain trust and security within the platform, making them tamper-proof and immutable (Singer & Bishop, 2020). The platform's accuracy, reliability, and verification process reassure various stakeholders, including refugees, humanitarian organizations, and government agencies (Dinc, 2020;Kunapalan et al., 2020;Thylin & Duarte, 2019;Vaisanen, 2017). Access controls and encryption mechanisms are also available to protect sensitive refugee data and preserve privacy rights. By leveraging blockchain technology, the proposed solution offers a comprehensive framework that promotes transparency, efficiency, and security in the sharing of resources, improving refugee management. The platform streamlines processes and ensures resource allocation and distribution accountability, facilitating effective collaboration between aid providers and displaced populations. Scholars (Ajana, 2012;Alam & Imran, 2015b;Aldrich, 1990) have highlighted the immense potential of blockchain technology in revolutionizing data management in refugee facilities by enabling a decentralized and immutable ledger. This means that data cannot be falsified or altered, making it a highly secure and reliable method for managing sensitive refugee data. Unfortunately, corruption and data management issues are rampant in many refugee organizations. For instance, in some organizations in Ethiopia, employees demand bribes to alter database information or issue illegal documents without proper authorization. However, blockchain technology can effectively eliminate these corrupt practices and enable a fair and transparent system that ensures the integrity of sensitive refugee data while safeguarding their privacy. The transparency of the blockchain system also fosters trust among all parties involved, as all actions and transactions are recorded and visible to authorized parties. This high level of transparency enhances decision-making efficiency and fosters accountability among organizations engaged in refugee management. However, it is essential to acknowledge that blockchain technology is partially foolproof. It is vulnerable to the 51% attack, where a group of miners could manipulate the data stored on the blockchain by gaining control of most of the network's mining power. Additionally, the transparency of the blockchain system may raise privacy and confidentiality concerns among refugees who do not want their data to be publicly accessible. Incorporating blockchain technology for refugee aid is a multifaceted endeavor that demands meticulous consideration and implementation informed by comprehensive scientific research (Alden, n.d.;Jahre et al., 2018;Refugees, n.d.;Szkudlarek et al., 2019). Nevertheless, the benefits of employing blockchain in refugee management are substantial for refugees and humanitarian organizations. The current refugee management system is expensive and vulnerable to corruption. International organizations need to utilize technology to enhance their support systems and coordination. Blockchain's decentralized and transparent nature ensures that all transactions and aid deliveries can be monitored and verified, reducing the likelihood of fraud and corruption (Prasse-Freeman, 2020). This technology also provides a reliable and tamper-proof system for storing and accessing crucial refugee data, enhancing the efficiency of delivering targeted aid (Jahre et al., 2018). Automated and secure money transfers can be achieved through smart contracts on the blockchain, eliminating the need for intermediaries and reducing administrative costs. Furthermore, data is exclusively transferred under the premise of a central authority with blockchain technology, drastically reducing the risk of data misuse and making it the ideal choice for data management and privacy protection. Blockchain technology is a perfect fit for refugee management due to its distributed ledger, smart contracts, and identity management in the form of blocks of decentralized ledger (Getzzg, 2022). With a decentralized ledger, we can keep tabs on who uses what resources and how much of them. Smart contracts automatically follow predetermined rules and conditions, ensuring efficient and transparent resource allocation (Cong & He, 2019). In the Philippines, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas has officially recognized virtual currencies like Bitcoin through Circular No. 994 Series of 2017. The circular covers virtual currency exchanges that provide services or facilitate fiat exchange for virtual currency and vice versa. The European Union has adopted a mixed approach, distinguishing between blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies. In 2017, the European Banking Authority cautioned the public about the risks associated with virtual currencies and issued guidelines for combating money laundering and terrorism.The European Banking Authority has warned the public about the potential risks associated with transactions involving refugees. Many refugees are still in the process of familiarizing themselves with this technology. One possible solution to address this issue is the implementation of blockchain-based identity management systems, which can offer secure and privacy-compliant verification of refugees' identities, ultimately helping to establish trust and integrity. By leveraging blockchain technology, we can enhance resource allocation efficiency, transparency, security, and identity management. The immutable nature of the blockchain's ledger ensures that all activities and transactions within the system are permanently recorded, creating a reliable and trustworthy source of information. This technology utilizes a unique implementation strategy featuring three levels or categories: decentralized, semi-decentralized, and public blockchain (Deshpande et al., n.d.). This inclusive system allows multiple parties to participate in decision-making, preventing any single entity or organization from exerting control. Blockchain technology can revolutionize humanitarian aid delivery by providing real-time resource allocation and usage information, enabling stakeholders to make better decisions and coordinate their efforts more effectively. The transparency and immutability of the distributed ledger system ensure accountability and prevent fraud or mismanagement of resources. The proposed solution operates on a decentralized ledger, where multiple network nodes and data sets manage resource allocation and usage Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics transparently and traceably while safeguarding the integrity and immutability of the data. Smart contracts automate the fulfillment of predetermined regulations and conditions, leading to a transparent and efficient allocation of resources. Utilizing intelligent contracts for delivering humanitarian aid can significantly improve efficiency and transparency by reducing delays and administrative complexities by eliminating intermediaries and streamlining processes. A secure and privacy-focused method to verify the identities of refugees involves using blockchain-based identity management systems. Each refugee would have a unique digital identity stored on the blockchain, including authenticated biometric data, personal details, and refugee status. However, this approach may not be feasible in areas with limited internet access or technological infrastructure. To address this, refugees can utilize cryptographic techniques like zero-knowledge proofs or selective disclosure to share specific identity attributes while retaining control over their data. So long as this is done, we can have faith in the refugee aid system and know that money will go to people who really need it, with less chance of identity fraud. However, organizations and agencies that assist refugees may need help in implementing these cryptographic methods due to the potential need for substantial resources and technical knowledge. By combining decentralized ledger technology, smart contracts, and blockchain-based identity management systems, we can establish a robust and scalable solution to improve the efficiency and accountability of humanitarian refugee aid. This approach enhances transparency, effectiveness, and trust in resource allocation and identity verification, ultimately leading to better outcomes for displaced populations and humanitarian organizations. A dependable and sturdy technological infrastructure is essential when implementing a blockchain system to manage refugees effectively. Saini's research (2018, pp. 23-24) supports the notion that the success of this system is mainly dependent on adequate computing power and connectivity. Despite the Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics potential benefits, organizations and governments may hesitate to adopt this technology due to its complexity and possible disruption to current systems. One of the biggest challenges in utilizing blockchain for refugee management is the need for qualified professionals capable of implementing and maintaining the blockchain infrastructure. As Ridhorker points out in his study (2022), this poses a significant obstacle. When utilizing blockchain technology to store personal documents for refugees, it is crucial to address privacy and security concerns carefully. Although blockchain technology offers a secure and decentralized method of storing information, personal documents kept on a public blockchain like Ethereum are accessible to anyone, jeopardizing a person's privacy and opening the door to identity theft or other forms of exploitation. Publicly accessible information stored on a public blockchain may also violate data protection rules and privacy regulations, particularly when sensitive data like medical records are involved. Updating and adjusting data protection rules across different jurisdictions is necessary to store such data publicly. Some suggest storing personal information on a private blockchain to restrict access to authorized individuals. However, there is still a risk of insider attacks or compromised nodes that could expose the private blockchain. To address security concerns, it is crucial to implement strong measures such as encryption and access controls. It is also essential to regularly monitor and audit each refugee who agrees to the digital identity system to detect potential security breaches. While blockchain technology offers promising applications for refugees to store personal documents, privacy and security must be carefully considered to ensure sensitive information is not at risk. Robust security measures and protocols are essential to safeguarding the data and preventing unauthorized access. Using blockchain-enabled digital identity solutions, organizations can easily understand how resources are distributed while reducing costs. Digital identities are a reliable form of identification for refugees to access aid, welfare, remittances, donations, and healthcare. Blockchain technology provides a de facto foundation for structured, reviewed, and utilized information, ensuring transparency and Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics traceability in recordkeeping and helping prevent identity fraud and data mismanagement. It also has the potential to streamline processes, decrease costs, and improve efficiency in various industries.Moreover, recent research suggests data privacy is another critical issue when using blockchain technology to store sensitive refugee data (2022). Since blockchain is a decentralized and transparent technology, it is crucial to take exceptional measures to protect the confidentiality of personal data and prevent unauthorized access. As a result, robust encryption techniques and strict access controls are necessary to protect the privacy rights of refugees. Introducing new technology like blockchain can also be met with resistance and barriers to acceptance from stakeholders, requiring a strategic approach to change management. Therefore, it is essential to address these challenges systematically and adopt a comprehensive approach to ensure the successful implementation of a blockchain system for refugee management. Following the human rights principle, it is of the utmost importance that refugees' privacy be protected before implementing a blockchain-based solution (Chetail, 2014). Strict adherence to data protection regulations and robust security measures are imperative. Incorporating blockchain technology into humanitarian aid presents opportunities and challenges that require careful consideration, given the criticality of infrastructure in this regard. To use a blockchain-based approach to managing refugees successfully, you must ensure you have a robust technological framework with enough storage space, computing power, and network connectivity to handle the decentralized nature of blockchain networks.The consequences of this situation on refugee donations and transparency persist, presenting further obstacles in resolving the refugee crisis in the area. Through personal experience and research concerning the Ethiopian refugee system, it has been observed that refugees are frequently required to pay fees to expedite the issuance of their refugee documents and endure lengthy registration lines. This has prompted numerous individuals to attempt migration to Europe via the Donjoures route after fleeing the camps. The appropriate distribution of aid intended for refugees is a matter of concern, as it appears Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics that all employers have benefited from the process. Due to this regrettable fact, it may be necessary to accomplish the 2030 Agenda's objectives as initially intended. Rather than decreasing, the number of refugees in the Global South has increased, underscoring the criticality of enhanced protection measures and governance systems. An absence of adequate sanitation facilities for refugees in Bangladesh and the adjacent areas was unveiled in a recent study. Internet and electricity connectivity are particularly critical in resource-constrained or remote regions where humanitarian assistance is frequently required. More infrastructure may adversely affect blockchain solutions' performance, dependability, and scalability.However, the practicality and effectiveness of implementing a blockchain-based solution for refugee management could be enhanced in camps where electricity and internet connectivity are dependable.Such camps would already possess the essential infrastructure required to support operational activities.Multilateral cooperation is required to implement blockchain technology in humanitarian aid; this includes local communities, humanitarian organizations, and government agencies. However, a lack of understanding or knowledge of blockchain technology, apprehensions regarding the disruption of established procedures, or resistance to change may constitute obstacles. It is essential to employ a change management strategy that engages and educates stakeholders to surmount these challenges.Illustrating the evident advantages and worth of blockchain technology in enhancing accountability, transparency, and efficacy can facilitate the uptake and acceptance of privacy policies. The protection of refugee data is critical when integrating blockchain technology into humanitarian aid initiatives.Implementing robust encryption protocols and access controls is crucial for storing sensitive data securely and limiting access solely to authorized personnel. Establishing transparent policies and procedures for data sharing and management is vital to preventing information breaches and misuse.Protecting refugees' right to privacy while facilitating the adoption of blockchain technology for humanitarian aid can be achieved by proactively addressing privacy concerns and implementing robust data protection measures.Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics Consequently, reports from the Global South have underscored the imperative for enhancements to the existing refugee management system. The immutability and transparency of blockchain technology present difficulties in upholding data privacy and complying with data protection regulations, including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Developing and implementing privacy mechanisms such as encryption, zero-knowledge proofs, and selective disclosure is necessary to address these issues.Zero-knowledge proofs can authenticate authorization without disclosing sensitive information, while encryption protects personal data. Authorized entities may be granted access to particular data through selective disclosure mechanisms to conduct monitoring or auditing activities and verify adherence to data protection regulations. Strict compliance with rules and robust security protocols are critical to minimizing the potential for data breaches or privacy infringements. Blockchain technology implementation in humanitarian assistance requires a holistic strategy considering technological, organizational, and regulatory factors. Nonetheless, circumstances may arise in which the blockchain is necessary to implement privacy-preserving mechanisms.Technology providers, humanitarian organizations, government agencies, and other relevant stakeholders must collaborate to surmount challenges and fully harness the potential advantages of blockchain. Notwithstanding the significance of collaboration, the potential for data breaches or privacy infringements arising from insider threats or human error is perpetual. The implementation of blockchain technology can profoundly transform the administration of refugee camps, therefore enhancing accountability, transparency, and efficiency. Utilizing blockchain technology enables organizations to securely store and retrieve crucial information about refugees, including medical records, identification documents, and aid delivery. In addition to ensuring an equitable and efficient allocation of resources, this would also significantly improve cooperation amongFrontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics numerous agencies. Additionally, the immutable nature of blockchain records will act as a deterrent against unethical practices and fraudulent activities in refugee camps, thereby enhancing the living conditions of their victims. By incorporating blockchain technology into many areas of camp administration, tasks such as identification verification, registration, and documentation can be automated, resulting in streamlined procedures and a decreased administrative burden. For instance, a refugee camp in an impoverished nation may implement blockchain technology to create a secure database that includes all residents. This would facilitate the efficient distribution of aid based on authenticated identities and specific needs. This system would eliminate the need for physical documents that are susceptible to becoming misplaced or altered, thereby ensuring that resources are allocated to individuals who truly need them. The existing implementation of refugee management is not justified by exploiting the refugees and other recipients, as the desired outcome is not achieved with less than 50% of the assistance provided. This can be attributed to the writers' experience establishing refugee camps and involvement in other humanitarian response initiatives. As a result, the necessity for manual documentation is eliminated, as each refugee can be assigned a unique digital identity on the blockchain that includes authenticated biometric information, personal details, and refugee status. Blockchain's immutability ensures administrative records' confidentiality and integrity, minimizing the likelihood of unauthorized modifications or fraudulent activities. However, this method can potentially violate the privacy and security of refugees, as their personal information will be documented in a publicly accessible ledger. Additionally, immigrants unfamiliar with blockchain technology or needing more technological access may need help obtaining and utilizing their digital identity. In addition, blockchain technology offers a promising prospect for establishing a transparent and efficient mechanism for allocating resources in refugee camps. Smart contracts autonomously distribute essential resources, including nutritious food, housing, medical treatment, and educational materials, following predetermined criteria and need assessments. Organizations are interested in leveraging this technology to ensure a fair allocation of resources, minimize inefficiencies, and optimize operations. The primary goal is to establish a more efficient, fair system that benefits all individuals who require assistance.Despite the inherent benefits of blockchain technology in terms of efficiency and transparency, there are concerns regarding the potential for bias or inaccuracies in the pre-established criteria used for resource Subsequently, numerous scholars, non-governmental organizations, and benefactors have reevaluated the relative merits that substantiate their legitimacy (Edwards, 2008;Holmen and Jirstrom, 2009;Mitlin et al., 2007;Rahman, 2006;Shutt, 2009;Smits and Wright, 2012;Wallace and Porter, 2013) argues that while international NGOs excel at fundraising and exerting influence on policy, these attributes restrict their capacity to achieve enduring, substantial, and locally relevant transformation successfully. Whereas local relationships are crucial for effective field operations, the vast global resources required to achieve significant success take a back seat (Balboa, 2014). In a worldwide non-governmental organization (NGO) carrying out a water sanitation initiative in a rural community, the emphasis on fundraising and exerting influence on policies may result in a limited comprehension of the indigenous cultural norms and preferences for water sources. Due to insufficient interaction and communication with local stakeholders, the project may run the risk of failing or losing support from the community. Although global resources are essential for success, it is equally crucial to prioritize establishing robust connections with local communities to guarantee that programs are culturally appropriate and long-term. Without genuine local engagement, even financially financed initiatives may have difficulties achieving a long-lasting influence.Although grassroots-driven and participatory development measures have been recognized for many years, their effectiveness has been chiefly restricted to improving service delivery rather than strengthening collective action capacities (World Bank, 2012). In an Indian rural community, a grassroots development initiative was implemented to enhance the availability of potable water through the construction of wells and pipelines. By effectively implementing blockchain technology, it is possible toFrontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics save refugees, significantly alleviate the strain on the refugee aid system, and promote a fair distribution of resources. In addition, the curriculum also offered comprehensive instruction on the upkeep of the infrastructure and the promotion of sanitary habits. Although these programs unequivocally enhanced the residents' quality of life, they did not necessarily enable them to support broader social and political transformation. Integrating blockchain technology into grassroots development initiatives provides an opportunity to deliver critical services and create transparent and decentralized systems that enable a more equitable distribution of resources and strengthen community resilience. This novel methodology can revolutionize conventional foreign assistance paradigms and generate enduring solutions for marginalized communities. Although this improved the people's quality of life, it failed to tackle the fundamental problems of poverty and social inequality that necessitated communal efforts to resolve them. Theories that say we can end poverty by making resources more manageable don't usually affect the institutions and systems that make it easier for some people to get resources than others. The implementation of blockchain technology can significantly revolutionize the management of refugee camps. By introducing a digital identity for each refugee and securely storing personal information and records of aid distribution on the blockchain, humanitarian organizations can ensure that aid is accurately delivered to the intended recipients, preventing fraudulent activity. The system offers numerous advantages in improving resource allocation and ensuring fair and timely enforcement of camp obligations. The use of tamper-resistant and secure blockchain technology enhances the transparency and accountability of the assistance distribution tracking system, ensuring that cash reaches the intended recipients and optimizing resource allocation. As a result, blockchain technology enables humanitarian groups to provide more targeted assistance to displaced populations, benefiting both refugees and host communities. Direct, peer-to-peer transactions between contributors and recipients also reduce the risk of Consequently, humanitarian groups can enhance their ability to assist vulnerable communities and achieve a more significant influence in times of catastrophe. This enables the identification of inefficiencies or delays in the distribution process, enabling prompt remedies in an emergency.Implementing smart contracts to automate the verification of aid delivery reduces administrative workloads and enhances transparency, particularly in natural disasters. Unique identification tags on aid packages enable efficient resource allocation, prompt replenishment, and real-time stock-level monitoring. Fundamentally, blockchain technology streamlines several processes, leading to substantial time efficiency, fewer errors or inconsistencies in data management, and improved conditions for people living in refugee camps. The decentralized nature of blockchain technology enables collaboration and coordination by providing a secure and easily accessible way to store information for all authorized agencies involved in emergency response operations. However, concerns have been raised about the potential for data modification or corruption on the blockchain. The blockchain's decentralized structure makes it impossible for unauthorized individuals to gain control, reducing risk. Incorporating communities with limited resources into the implementation phase of blockchain technology could help reduce disparities in the distribution of financial assistance. By involving these groups in the design and decision-making processes, we can ensure that the technology is tailored to meet their specific needs and can overcome any challenges they may face. While decentralization can limit the ability of malicious actors to gain control, it doesn't eliminate the risk of data modification or corruption on the blockchain.Additionally, the involvement of resource-constrained groups in the design and decision-making processes only automatically guarantees that the technology will effectively address their specific requirements and challenges. To address complex societal issues, it is critical that the public and private sectors efficiently work in tandem. Integrating technology providers, government agencies, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) enables harnessing diverse resources and perspectives to devise and execute workable solutions.Government agencies can leverage NGOs' resources and expertise through partnerships, ensuring that initiatives adhere to legal obligations and obtain the essential backing. Conversely, by engaging in partnerships with technology providers, one can harness the capabilities of digital tools and innovation to enhance service delivery and operational effectiveness. These collaborations are essential to building a more sustainable and inclusive society. Government agencies play a crucial and indispensable role in developing policies that promote the improvement of society as a whole. Effective implementation of social programs requires access to infrastructure and vital resources such as health facilities, funding and transport networks, which can be provided through cooperation between government agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). In addition, innovative approaches to service delivery can be created by collaborating with tech companies. By capitalizing on the strengths of each sector and promoting joint efforts, we can effectively and comprehensively tackle societal challenges. While recognizing the significance of a thriving civil society, the donor community's narrow emphasis on non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and measurable results has impeded its effectiveness in supporting impactful development. Civil society is indispensable in promoting and defending the interests of excluded or marginalized groups. It is a platform for individuals to collaborate to exert influence, negotiate, or bargain with other stakeholders to pursue their goals. Following the prevailing ideologies that guided the development agenda during each respective era, the relative importance of the state, the market, and civil society has been emphasized differently in the global development agenda for the past three decades (Hulme, 2013). The aid industry's limited conception of civil society equates the term with specialized non-governmental organizations (NGOs) conversing with the donors' jargon and operational procedures. It can adhere to stringent accountability procedures for governments, NorthernNGOs, philanthropists, and other non-traditional donors. Notwithstanding their perceived merits as "democratizers of development" at the grassroots level (Bebbington, 1997, Bebbington, 2005), NGOs encounter substantial barriers and inconsistencies in their endeavor to fortify civil society. These obstacles stem from pressures to maintain apolitical stances, tenuous social integration, donor-centricFrontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics accountability rather than beneficiary-centric accountability, and a preoccupation with short-term initiatives rather than long-term structures.The integration of blockchain-based platforms into public-private collaborations is crucial for the development of a society that is both sustainable and equitable. The invaluable expertise and network of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) make collaboration indispensable for success. In addition, technology providers must be involved in the platform's development and maintenance to ensure the solution is resilient and scalable. Collaboration among stakeholders enables the development of inventive solutions to complex social problems. The administration of refugee camps is a prime illustration of a complex issue that necessitates the formation of alliances and cooperation between various stakeholders.While also benefiting from real-time data, government agencies may provide regulatory support and funding for developing and implementing blockchain-based solutions to improve refugee camp management. Volunteer organizations with expertise in humanitarian aid can offer valuable perspectives on particular requirements and obstacles in managing refugee camps. By utilizing blockchain technology, these organizations can guarantee the integrity of resource allocation and accountability in distribution. By facilitating data sharing and interoperability between disparate systems, technology companies can significantly improve the efficacy and efficiency of refugee camp management. When implementing blockchain solutions, it is essential to involve government agencies to ensure access to the necessary infrastructure and resources and compliance with regulations. A solid and sustainable blockchain-based infrastructure for refugee camp management can be developed with the participation of a wide range of stakeholders. Regarding community empowerment and grassroots movements, intermediary NGOs-which often act (AbouAssi, 2012;Africa, 2013;Brautigam & Segarra, 2007;Brown et al., 2007b;Clarke, 1998;Fisher, 1997;Thomas, 2008). This differentiation is vital despite the difficulty in defining development NGOs that encompass their diversity. In addition, while welfare states have been losing ground, new middle powers like South Africa, Turkey, and Indonesia have risen to prominence, along with prominent private donors and philanthropists (Herzer & Nunnenkamp, 2013;Richey & Ponte, 2014). Refugees in camps worldwide rely on non-governmental organizations (NGOs) for life-sustaining services and humanitarian assistance.Their unwavering dedication ensures that vulnerable communities' needs are met and their rights are respected. From this standpoint, it is essential to collaborate with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to deploy blockchain technology effectively. The study in question pertains to the migration hump theory, which posits that the migration prospects of individuals with a deficient socioeconomic status are typically inferior to those of those with a higher socioeconomic status. The current argument suggests that the empirical evidence regarding the nonlinear impact of economic development on emigration is somewhat unclear (Rotter et al., 1997;Neumayer, 2005) might revert to their origins as aid is progressively reduced, many organizations struggle with a lack of initiative, foresight, and the courage to step outside their comfort zones (Fowler, 2000a).Despite this, it is critical to recognize that NGOs represent only a singular component in pursuing social justice, transformation, and empowerment. Distinguishing non-governmental organizations (NGOs) from other forms of civil society organizations, including labor unions and social movements, is of utmost importance. Development policy affects these organizations in different ways, as critics among scholars have shown (Clare, 1998;Fisher, 1997;Mercer, 2002;Pearce, 1993;Uphoff, 1993). Determining a precise definition of "development" for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that do justice to their incredible diversity is problematic. Also, the differentiation between membership-based civil society organizations and intermediary NGOs is pivotal in comprehending the modest advancements developed NGOs achieve in social transformation, as emphasized in this paper. NGOs are pivotal in facilitating the implementation and functioning of blockchain-based systems through user training, capacity development, and project outcome monitoring. Organizations with extensive experience working with refugees can design and implement user-friendly, efficient, and effective systems that maximize the positive impact on refugees. NGOs can further ensure the security and privacy of refugee data stored in blockchain systems by developing robust safeguards that provide ethical and responsible usage of sensitive information. Lastly, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can promote the adoption of blockchain technology by governments and international organizations, increase awareness of its potential benefits, and advocate for its adoption in the humanitarian sector. Alliances with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can bolster the organizations' endeavors to furnish refugees with transparent and practical assistance, thereby enhancing their prospects for the future and overall welfare. Collaborations between humanitarian organizations, government agencies, and technology providers are essential for developing, deploying, and maintaining blockchain-based platforms designed for refugee camp management. Technology providers bring expertise in blockchain development, software engineering, and cybersecurity. Technology providers can work with governmental and non-governmental organizations to develop and deploy blockchain solutions that address various obstacles in the management of refugee camps, including identity verification, resource allocation and aid distribution. Additionally, technology providers can provide ongoing support and maintenance services to ensure the reliability and performance of blockchain-based platforms over time. By joining forces with humanitarian organizations, government agencies, and technology providers, stakeholders can leverage their strengths and resources to develop innovative, sustainable, and impactful solutions that enhance the effectiveness of humanitarian assistance efforts and improve the lives of refugees. However, some argue that collaborations between stakeholders may lead to conflicts of interest and hinder the Frontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics decision-making process, potentially delaying the implementation of blockchain solutions for refugee camp management. Therefore, establishing clear guidelines and regulations is essential to ensuring all parties work toward the same objective: assisting needy refugees. Stakeholders can achieve a shared aim of enhancing the well-being of refugees by implementing innovative technological solutions, promoting transparent communication, and fostering a collaborative environment. Applying blockchain technology in refugee environments can transform the functioning of humanitarian organizations. Blockchain technology can enhance the efficiency of distributing aid by offering a safe and transparent platform that optimizes the delivery of resources to the most necessary recipients. Furthermore, using smart contracts can optimize procedures and minimize the risk of corruption. In general, incorporating blockchain technology in refugee environments can enhance responsibility, foster confidence, and eventually yield a beneficial influence on the lived experiences of displaced communities. Without the ability to redefine their origins by embracing new technologies and methods and combining traditional and modern elements, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) will continue to be unable to pursue transformative goals that address the larger structures responsible for the creation and perpetuation of poverty and inequality. Although blockchain technology has the potential to enhance accountability and trust in refugee environments, it fails to tackle the fundamental factors of poverty and inequality that sustain ongoing displacement.Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should prioritize tackling systemic problems to implement enduring transformation for displaced communities. Although project-driven and professional, development must devise a coherent strategy to challenge the hegemony of well-established elites and corporate interests. By augmenting the speed and transparency of aid delivery, this technology offers a more secure and accountable system for the intended recipients. A visible and immutable ledger of transactions mitigates the potential for corruption and fraud by allowing stakeholders to monitor the movement of resources along the supply chain. This is paramount in refugee shelters, where identity confirmation is crucial for accessing services and resources. To fully harness the potential of blockchain technology, governments, international organizations, and technology businesses must meticulously evaluate many critical concerns. For instance, blockchain technology might be employed within a refugee shelter to securely retain and authenticate personal identifying data, guaranteeing that only bona fide persons are granted assistance.Furthermore, by using blockchain technology to monitor contributions and allocations, organizations can proactively avoid mismanaging or redirecting resources intended for marginalized communities. These factors include the importance of a decentralized system for ensuring accountability and transparency, blockchain's potential to mitigate the risks of data manipulation and fraud, its ability to improve processes and increase efficiency, and its utility in resource tracking. The potential benefits of integrating blockchain technology into the humanitarian sector for refugees and vulnerable populations around the world are immeasurable. Through systematic planning and execution, this technology can provide benefits such as improved transparency, accountability and security. Consequently, it can enable more effective allocation of aid and resources to those most in need. Although blockchain technology undoubtedly offers benefits in terms of openness and security, it is not impervious to tampering or fraudulent activity. Furthermore, the integration of novel technologies into humanitarian efforts can also lead to difficulties in accessibility and operational efficiency for the people who need help. Implementing an unchangeable blockchain ledger has significantly improved auditability in some systems. The implementation of this technology guarantees the comprehensive recording of all transactions, therefore establishing a transparent and safe means of data tracking. Through blockchain technology, users may effortlessly authenticate the accuracy of information and ensure that all parties concerned are responsible for their conduct. In general, adopting blockchain technology has completely transformed the organization and dissemination of information, resulting in enhanced confidence and effectiveness across several sectors. Within aid distribution, this technology offers unmatched transparency that ensures the traceability and verifiability of every system operation. For instance, in disaster relief operations, blockchain technology may guarantee gift delivery to the designated beneficiaries by meticulously monitoring every transaction from the donor to the receiver. Enhancing transparency mitigates fraudulent activities and corrupt practices, fostering greater confidence in distributing aid. Transactions recorded using blockchain technology enable stakeholders to be held responsible for their activities, thus mitigating the potential for mismanagement or misuse of resources.The notable characteristic of blockchain is its capacity to produce an immutable and indisputable record of all transactions.All modifications made to the ledger are recorded, securely encrypted, and kept across multiple nodes in the network, making it exceedingly difficult for anyone to manipulate the data. This high degree of security and immutability guarantees that the process of distributing help is equitable and effective, as each transaction can be readily traced and verified. Integrating blockchain technology in assistance distribution enables organizations to enhance accountability and optimize the process, resulting in more cost-effectiveness and reliability. In summary, the application of blockchain technology in the distribution of aid can completely transform the operational methods of humanitarian organizations, guaranteeing that assistance is delivered to the most vulnerable individuals transparently and responsibly. The widespread acceptance of blockchain technology is swiftly growing due to its provision of powerful data protection. Using sophisticated cryptographic algorithms and a decentralized structure, this data storage system is considered one of the most secure. This paper focuses on the study and analysis of a data management system designed to guarantee the availability and privacy of data, thereby facilitating the distribution of migrants. Through blockchain technology, businesses can effectively and reliably maintain confidential information, such as refugee data, guaranteeing its availability to authorized individuals and safeguarding it against illegal access. This novel data management methodology improves security and simplifies the distribution process for refugees, enabling more effective help delivery. As the advantages of blockchain technology gain more widespread recognition, its capacity to transform data security and dissemination in humanitarian operations is steadily increasing. The complex algorithms of blockchain generate a digital record that is highly impervious to manipulation and fraudulent activities, rendering it one of the most dependable and credible approaches for managing sensitive financial information. The decentralized structure of this technology obviates the necessity for a central governing body to oversee and sustain the data, guaranteeing the absence of any single point of failure.This significantly hinders anyone with evil intent from infiltrating the system, therefore protecting the welfare of refugees and humanitarian operations. Although blockchain technology provides enhanced security and decentralization, it is nevertheless susceptible to weaknesses like software attacks and unauthorized access to data. Moreover, blockchain systems' intricate nature can challenge their successful implementation and maintenance in rapidly evolving humanitarian scenarios. Incorporating blockchain technology into refugee relief programs enables organizations to guarantee the efficient and effective distribution of funds to people requiring assistance. The inherent immutability of blockchain guarantees the transparency and unalterability of transactions, establishing principles of accountability and trust in the distribution process. However, a comprehensive counterexample would be the 2016 cyberattack on the decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) on the Ethereum blockchain, in which $50 million worth of bitcoin was stolen due to a coding weakness. This event underscores the fact that despite the enhanced security measures of blockchain technology, there remain potential vulnerabilities that might lead to substantial financial damages. Transparency and accountability at this level are crucial for fostering honesty and trust in humanitarian interventions, resulting in more significant and beneficial global results for refugees. Given its capacity to offer secure and transparent data management, blockchain is positioned to transform how we store and transmit critical information completely. The application of blockchain technology has significantly revolutionized resource management in refugee operations. Nevertheless, in situations with restricted availability of technology or internet connection, the adoption of blockchain may result in the exclusion of some people from obtaining crucial resources. This phenomenon creates a digital sector gap and intensifies disparities among marginalized communities. Blockchain technology enables organizations to efficiently oversee and distribute resources, such as food, water, and medical supplies, to those in need. Nevertheless, it is imperative for organizations to also contemplate alternative means of dissemination for individuals who may lack access to the requisite technologies. This may encompass conventional approaches to delivering assistance, such as physical distribution centers or community engagement initiatives. Through the integration of blockchain technology with existing methods of aid distribution, organizations may guarantee the equitable allocation of resources to all those who need assistance, irrespective of their technological accessibility. Blockchain technology has the potential to make a significant contribution to enhancing efficiency and transparency in refugee assistance while simultaneously tackling the digital divide prevalent among disadvantaged communities.Implementing these strategies can significantly improve the organization's management of refugee relief and enable the efficient and effective delivery of assistance to those in most need.Blockchain technology allows organizations to monitor the real-time distribution of resources, facilitating improved coordination and allocation of aid. This mitigates the potential for fraudulent activities and corrupt practices and guarantees prompt delivery of assistance to its designated beneficiaries. The integration of blockchain technology into refugee aid initiatives has the potential to enhance the effectiveness and accountability of assistance provided to displaced communities globally. Significant efficiency, openness, and accountability improvements have greatly strengthened humanitarian aid operations, ensuring the timely distribution of resources to their intended recipients. However, a thorough counterexample can be observed in the Rohingya refugee crisis in Bangladesh. Numerous companies have integrated blockchain technology into their operations; however, incompetence and malpractice in resource distribution have been documented. This highlights the need for meticulous implementation and oversight of blockchain technology to achieve its potential benefits in promoting accountability.During a recent crisis, a specific group effectively utilized blockchain technology to establish a transparent system that allowed donors to monitor their contributions and ensure their proper The potential of blockchain technology to greatly enhance the lives of individuals in refugee and humanitarian contexts is considerable. This discourse proposes the concept of blockchain data management and notes the increasing acceptance of its application. By employing blockchain technology, organizations may guarantee secure and transparent transactions, optimize help distribution, and provide unchangeable records for refugees. The potential of this invention to transform the execution of humanitarian endeavors is significant, ultimately resulting in enhanced efficiency and effectiveness of aid for people in need of support. The immutable records of this system offer a dependable and unalterable means of verifying identity, equipping every refugee with a distinct digital identity that includes authenticated information. Secure and selective information exchange enables refugees to avail themselves of vital services, education, and work prospects, fostering self-sufficiency and social assimilation. Furthermore, blockchain technology facilitates more transparent and efficient operations by offering an unalterable and transparent record of all transactions and activities. This serves to enhance trust and accountability, optimize the allocation and distribution of resources, and guarantee that aid reaches those who are most in need, therefore ultimately improving resource efficiency. Blockchain technology has demonstrated its immense value in humanitarian endeavors, enabling refugees. By establishing a reliable and authenticated identity, refugees can avail themselves of vital services, education, and job prospects, resulting in their independence and assimilation into society. For example, a blockchain-based network may efficiently oversee and authenticate the distribution of food and resources in a refugee camp, guaranteeing that assistance reaches the intended recipients while reducing the risk of corruption or mismanagement. Furthermore, the secure storage of refugees' personal information on the blockchain facilitates the seamless verification of their identity while seeking medical aid or applying for employment, improving their chances of seamless integration into a new society.Although there may be difficulties with the accessibility and comprehension of blockchain technology for all refugees, the advantages of including it in refugee and humanitarian contexts are significant. The advantages are enhanced openness, accountability, efficiency, better refugee results, and more effective humanitarian assistance operations. The considerable benefits of these advantages go beyond any possible disadvantages and can significantly enhance the effective assimilation of refugees into society. The potential of blockchain technology to transform humanitarian relief and refugee management initiatives is of immense magnitude. Using a blockchain-based system for refugee management provides a transparent approach that streamlines the allocation of resources and enhances the empowerment of refugees. For instance, a software consulting firm might design a blockchain-powered identity management system for a non-profit organization dedicated to assisting refugees, enabling the safe and effective allocation of assistance. Implementing this technology would allow the monitoring of personal data, medical records, and food distribution to guarantee the prompt and transparent delivery of resources to individuals requiring them. This breakthrough has the potential to revolutionize the approach of humanitarian organizations to the complex problem of refugee management. At its core, the blockchain-based solution for refugee management offers enhanced transparency, streamlined resource allocation, and empowerment for refugees, transforming our approach to this intricate problem. This study underscoresFrontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics the need to implement measures within the refugee community of the Global South to investigate the possibilities of blockchain technology. To develop a more transparent, efficient, and inclusive refugee management system, we highly urge governments, non-governmental organizations, and technology providers to join us in implementing and supporting this innovative approach. Utilizing blockchain technology enables the comprehensive recording and convenient accessibility of all transactions and interactions inside the system, eradicating corruption and guaranteeing accountability.Enhanced transparency will foster confidence among stakeholders, allowing them to manage resources more astutely and make decisions grounded in up-to-date information. Providing digital identities and data ownership to refugees will promote a more inclusive and dignified approach by empowering them with agency and a means to manage their possessions. We must come together to implement this innovative strategy and create a future in which the needs of refugees are addressed with compassion and efficiency. One of the several advantages of the blockchain-based system for handling migrants is its guarantee of transparency. Blockchain technology enhances auditability and transparency in operations and transactions, promoting accountability and confidence in aid distribution. Although transparency is crucial, there are apprehensions over the privacy and security consequences of ascribing digital identities and data ownership to refugees, as their information may be susceptible to exploitation or misuse. Moreover, implementing such an intricate system may necessitate substantial resources and infrastructure that may be more effectively assigned to the more pressing requirements of refugees.Moreover, computerizing refugee data and intelligent contracts improves effectiveness by simplifying the management and distribution of help, minimizing bureaucratic processes and delays.Consequently, this results in expedited and more focused support for individuals requiring assistance.Furthermore, blockchain technology offers a robust and immutable framework for the storage and dissemination of refugee data, therefore enhancing security measures and safeguarding sensitive information against fraudulent activities. Granting refugees complete ownership of their data andFrontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics 53 authority over their digital identities enables them to engage in decision-making processes actively and influence their management, fostering empowerment and self-determination. Automated resource allocation facilitated by intelligent contracts guarantees prompt aid delivery to those with the greatest need, minimizing waste and optimizing efficiency. For instance, a robust blockchain-based system can securely store and verify refugees' passports and legal documents, thwarting identity theft and effectively protecting confidential data. Aid organizations can allocate resources according to pre-established criteria, such as family size or particular requirements, ensuring efficient aid delivery to those with the greatest need. Nevertheless, the expenses associated with implementing and maintaining such a system can overshadow its advantages, particularly in settings with limited resources, and specific weaknesses could exist. In cases where internet access is inconsistent or nonexistent in refugee camps, depending on a blockchain system for document storage and delivery may impede rather than facilitate the aid process.Furthermore, without regular updates and maintenance, the system may be susceptible to hacks, jeopardizing refugee data. Implementing blockchain-based identity management systems empowers refugees, augmenting their dignity and autonomy. Governments, NGOs, and technology providers must work together to implement and promote this groundbreaking approach, establishing a more transparent, inclusive, and efficient refugee management system that caters to displaced populations globally. By using the capabilities of blockchain technology, we can effectively improve the well-being of refugees and strengthen worldwide humanitarian endeavors. However, it is essential to acknowledge that blockchain technology can provide benefits in terms of data management and transparency; further efforts are required to address the fundamental challenges refugees face, such as obtaining essential resources, legal assistance, and social integration. It is imperative to recognize that addressing refugees' complex issues requires more than just blockchain technology. It necessitates a comprehensive strategy that treats all facets of their integration and welfare. Although implementing blockchain technology may enhance data management and transparency, it is not a universal solution for the intricate issues refugeesFrontiers in Human Dynamics https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-dynamics