AUTHOR=Wijs Anton , Osama Muhammad 

TITLE=The fast and the capacious: memory-efficient multi-GPU accelerated explicit state space exploration with GPUexplore 3.0

JOURNAL=Frontiers in High Performance Computing

VOLUME=Volume 2 - 2024

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/high-performance-computing/articles/10.3389/fhpcp.2024.1285349

DOI=10.3389/fhpcp.2024.1285349

ISSN=2813-7337

ABSTRACT=The GPU acceleration of explicit state space exploration, for explicit-state model checking, has been the subject of previous work, but so far, the tools have been limited in their applicability and in their practical use. With this work, we are the first to use a novel tree database for GPUs. It allows high-performant memory-efficient storage of states in the form of binary trees. Besides the tree compression this enables, we also propose two new hashing schemes, Compact-Cuckoo and Compact-multiple-functions. These schemes enable the use of Cleary compression to compactly store tree roots. Besides an in-depth discussion of the tree database algorithms, the input language and workflow of our tool, called GPUEXPLORE 3.0, are presented. Finally, we explain how the algorithms can be extended to exploit multiple GPUs that reside on the same machine. Experiments show single-GPU processing speeds of up to 144 million states per second compared to 20 million states achieved by 32-core LTSmin. In the multi-GPU setting, workload and storage distributions are optimal, and frequently, performance is even positively impacted when the number of GPUs is increased.Overall, a logarithmic acceleration up to 1.9× was achieved with four GPUs, compared to one and two GPUs. We believe that a linear speedup can be easily accomplished with faster P2P communications between the GPUs.