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REVIEW article

Front. Hematol.
Sec. Blood Cancer
Volume 3 - 2024 | doi: 10.3389/frhem.2024.1463410

Early T-cell Precursor (ETP) Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Diagnostic Pitfalls, Genomic Alteration, Novel Therapeutics, and Minimal Residual Disease Monitoring

Provisionally accepted
Binsah George Binsah George *Kok Hoe Chan Kok Hoe Chan Adan Rios Adan Rios
  • University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, United States

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Early precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ETP-ALL) is a rare type of T-cell ALL (T-ALL) that was initially described in 2009. Since its initial description, it has been formally recognized as a distinct entity, according to the 2016 World Health Organization classification. ETP-ALL is characterized by unique immunophenotypic and genomic profiles. The diagnosis and management of ETP-ALL remain challenging. Poorer outcomes, high incidence of induction failure and relapsed/refractory disease demand novel therapies. This review emphasizes the challenges of initial diagnosis, the molecular mechanisms underlying leukemogenesis, and the available therapeutic options. Additionally, it discusses the importance of induction failure, the prognostic value of detecting minimal residual disease, and the implications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, along with emerging novel therapies.

    Keywords: Early precursor T cell-acute lymphoblastic leukemia, T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia, minimal residual monitoring, CAR-T therapy, near-ETP, immunophenotype

    Received: 11 Jul 2024; Accepted: 03 Oct 2024.

    Copyright: © 2024 George, Chan and Rios. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Binsah George, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, United States

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.