The research progress of colorectal cancer in multi-omics

Yongxia Cui ^1* Shuangyan Han ¹ Qinglian Wen ²

• ¹ The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
• ² Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China

Colorectal cancer is a common malignant tumor in the gastrointestinal tract, and the mechanisms of its occurrence, development, and metastasis have always been the focus of the medical community's attention. The study of CRC genetic mechanisms began with the identification of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes and their key pathways. With further research, researchers gradually realized that single genes or pathways alone could not explain the occurrence, development, and metastasis of CRC. The development of bulk sequencing technology has helped us to analyze the occurrence, development, and metastasis mechanisms of CRC from a multi-gene, multi-pathway, and multi-dimensional perspective, but it has not brought significant benefits to the clinical treatment of tumors. The main reason for this is that bulk sequencing technology relies on homogeneous cell grouping and cannot capture the heterogeneity between cells within the tumor and the interactions within the tumor microenvironment. The development of single-cell technology has made it possible to study the mechanisms of heterogeneity between cells within CRC and the interaction within the tumor microenvironment. This review discusses the research results of the evolution mechanism of CRC from three stages: molecular biology level of single gene, bulk sequencing, and singlecell sequencing. These results show that the occurrence of CRC is the result of complex interactions between genetic and non-genetic determinants in somatic cell evolution, where the heterogeneity between cells within the tumor and the tumor microenvironment are key factors in the evolution of CRC.