ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Genet.
Sec. Cancer Genetics and Oncogenomics
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fgene.2025.1457204
This article is part of the Research TopicNext Generation Sequencing (NGS) and Cancer: New Steps Towards Personalized MedicineView all 8 articles
Prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma patients based on multiple patterns of programmed cell death, integrated analysis of the immune microenvironment and drug sensitivity
Provisionally accepted
- 1Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- 2First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL) is a highly malignant bile duct cancer with a poor prognosis and rising incidence. Programmed cell death (PCD) plays a crucial role in cancer biology, influencing tumor immunity and treatment response. This study analyzes the impact of multiple PCD patterns on CHOL prognosis, tumor microenvironment (TME) and drug sensitivity.Methods: RNA sequencing data from TCGA-CHOL and GSE107943 were analyzed to identify PCD-related genes. A PCD-associated Risk Score was constructed using Cox and Lasso regression analyses. The score's prognostic value was assessed through survival analysis, ROC curves, and functional annotation. Results: We identified 111 differentially expressed PCD-related genes, including NCK2, BNIP3 and BIK, that constituted PCD-associated Risk Score and correlated with prognosis of CHOL. Functional analyses indicated enrichment in immune-related processes. high-risk patients showed increased immune cell infiltration and higher immune checkpoint expression, suggesting a benefit from immunotherapy. They also demonstrated greater sensitivity to several chemotherapeutic and targeted agents. Conclusions: PCD-associated Risk Score is a robust prognostic tool for CHOL, influencing TME modulation and therapeutic response, and may guide personalized treatment strategies.
Keywords: Cholangiocarcinoma, programmed cell death, Prognostic model, Tumor Microenvironment, RNA-Seq
Received: 30 Jun 2024; Accepted: 24 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Xu, Sun, Yan, Mao and Chen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Yiming Chen, Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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