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REVIEW article

Front. Genet.
Sec. Evolutionary and Population Genetics
Volume 15 - 2024 | doi: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1463474

Genetic Marker: A Genome Mapping Tool to Decode Genetic Diversity of Livestock Animals

Provisionally accepted
Sandeep Kushwaha Sandeep Kushwaha 1*Darshan Panchariya Darshan Panchariya 1Ananya Kashyap Ananya Kashyap 1Priyanka Dutta Priyanka Dutta 2Adyasha Mishra Adyasha Mishra 3Aakash Chawade Aakash Chawade 4*Nilesh Nayee Nilesh Nayee 5Sarwar Azam Sarwar Azam 1Ravi K. Gandham Ravi K. Gandham 6Subeer Majumdar Subeer Majumdar 7
  • 1 National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
  • 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Luois, Missouri, United States
  • 3 Center for Life Sciences, Mahindra University, Hyderabad, India
  • 4 Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
  • 5 National Dairy Development Board, Anand, Gujarat, India
  • 6 National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), Karnal, Haryana, India
  • 7 Gujarat Biotechnology University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Genotyping is the process of determining the genetic makeup of an organism by examining its DNA sequences using various genetic markers. It has been widely used in various fields, such as agriculture, biomedical and conservation research, to study genetic diversity, inheritance, the genetic basis of disease-associated traits, evolution, adaptation, etc. Genotyping markers have evolved immensely and are broadly classified as random markers( RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, etc.) and functional markers(SCoT, CDDP, SRAP, etc.). However, functional markers are very limited in genotype studies, especially in animal science, despite their advantages in overcoming the limitations of random markers, which are directly linked with phenotypic traits, high specificity, and similar logistic requirements. The current review surveyed the available random and functional markers for genotyping applications, focusing on livestock including plant and microbe domains. This review article summarises the application, advantages, and limitations of developed markers and methods for genotyping applications. This review aims to make the reader aware of all available markers, their design principles, and methods, and we discuss the marker inheritance patterns of RLFP and AFLP. The review further outlines the marker selection for particular applications and endorses the application of functional markers in genotyping research.1. The genotyping techniques enable us to explore the wealth of information encoded within the genome. 2. Various DNA markers have been developed. However, only some DNA markers are widely used in human, animal, and plant research due to their theoretical and technical advantages and capacity for sample processing and analysis. 3. This review provides an overview of all known markers and methods for genotyping studies. It summarises their potential for application, advantages, limitations, and inheritance patterns to choose markers for genotyping applications. 4. Various functional markers have been developed and widely used in plant science. However, it is underutilised in animal science despite several advantages over random markers.

    Keywords: Genome, genotyping, Genetic Markers, genetic diversity, Breeding, marker-assisted breeding

    Received: 24 Jul 2024; Accepted: 02 Oct 2024.

    Copyright: © 2024 Kushwaha, Panchariya, Kashyap, Dutta, Mishra, Chawade, Nayee, Azam, Gandham and Majumdar. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence:
    Sandeep Kushwaha, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
    Aakash Chawade, Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, 23053, Sweden

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.