Yi Tang1†
Wei-Kai Zhang
Yu-Xing Liu
Liang-Liang Fan
Lv Liu- 1Department of Cardiology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Clinical Medicine Research Center of Heart Failure of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- 2Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- 3Department of Respiratory Medicine, Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) is a type of severe coronary artery disease (CAD) that can lead to heart failure and sudden cardiac death. The prevalence of heart failure globally is estimated at 1%–2%, of which ∼60% of cases are the consequence of MI as the primary cause. At present, several disease-causing genes have been identified that may be responsible for MI, such as autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1) and RecQ-like helicase 5 (RECQL5).
Methods: In this study, we enrolled a Chinese family with MI, CAD, and stroke hemiplegia. Whole-exome sequencing was applied to analyze the genetic lesion of the proband. Sanger sequencing was used to validate the candidate mutation in five family members and 200 local control cohorts.
Results: After data filtering, we detected a novel mutation (NM_004259: c.1247T>C/p.I416T) of RECQL5 in the proband. Sanger sequencing further validated that the novel mutation was existent in the affected individuals, including the proband’s younger sister and her mother, and absent in the other healthy family members and 200 local control cohorts. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis confirmed that the novel mutation, located in a highly evolutionarily conserved site, was predicted to be deleterious and may change the hydrophobic surface area and aliphatic index of RECQL5.
Conclusion: Here, we report the second mutation (NM_004259: c.1247T>C/p.I416T) of RECQL5 underlying MI and CAD by whole-exome sequencing. Our study expanded the spectrum of RECQL5 mutations and contributed to genetic diagnosis and counseling of MI and CAD.
Introduction
Myocardial infarction (MI) results from disruption of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque or erosion of the coronary artery endothelium. The typical symptom of MI is coronary blood flow cut off, which can lead to critical myocardial necrosis, further causing heart failure or cardiac rupture, and some critical patients progress to cardiac death (Reed et al., 2017; Kaier et al., 2021). The prevalence of heart failure globally is estimated at 1%–2%, of which ∼60% of cases are the consequence of MI as the primary cause (Saleh and Ambrose, 2018; Kaier et al., 2021). MI has been recognized as the most rapidly increasing contributor to the global burden of disease (Salwan and Seth, 2021).
In addition to the environmental factors, genetic factors play a crucial role in MI. Multiple genome-wide association studies identified novel loci and candidate genes in MI, such as 9p21.3 and 1p13.3 (Haver et al., 2014). Recent studies have shown that some lipid metabolism genes, such as cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) may indirectly cause MI by affecting coronary atherosclerosis progression (Li et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2022). Simultaneously, mutations in 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate-O-acyltransferase 2 (AGPAT2), autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1), and RecQ-like helicase 5 (RECQL5) have been reported to possibly lead to MI in patients (Xie et al., 2016; Montenegro Junior et al., 2020; Han et al., 2021). In addition, some correlation studies imply that polymorphisms in energy metabolism-related genes such as mitochondrially encoded tRNA leucine 1 (MT-TL1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2 (IDH2) may be associated with the onset of MI (Cosma et al., 2022; Watany et al., 2022).
Here, we enrolled a Chinese family with MI, coronary artery disease (CAD), and stroke hemiplegia. Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were applied to explore the genetic lesion of the affected individuals.
Case presentation
In this study, we enrolled a family from Hunan Province, China (Figure 1A; Table 1). The proband, a 45-year-old woman, was admitted to our hospital due to recurrent chest congestion and chest pain for 2 months, aggravated for 1 day. The troponin I level was 0.078 microgram/L (normal reference value, 0–0.023 microgram/L), and those of creatine kinase (54.0 U/L) and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (14.2 U/L) were higher than normal levels. Coronary angiography suggested stenosis of multiple coronary arteries and complete occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (Figure 1B). Finally, the patient was diagnosed with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Medical history investigation revealed that she also suffered from hypertension and hyperuricemia (551 μmol/L) and had experienced cerebral infarction 2 years ago. A survey of the family history suggested that one of her sisters (III-2) also suffered from CAD and her mother (II-2) suffered from stroke hemiplegia.
FIGURE 1. Clinical data and genetic analysis of the family. (A) Pedigree of the family. White circles/squares denote the unaffected family members, and the arrow indicates the proband. (B) Coronary angiography presented the right coronary stenosis (first picture) and left coronary stenosis (the second and third pictures). (C) Sanger sequencing of RECQL5 confirmed the novel mutation (NM_004259: c.1247T>C/p.I416T) in the proband and her affected sister. The arrows indicate the mutation site. (D) Alignment of multiple RECQL5 protein sequences across species. The I416-affected amino acid locates in the highly conserved amino acid region in different mammals (from Ensembl). The red column shows the I416 site. (E) The wild-type RECQL5 (WT) protein structure and the mutant RECQL5 (p.I416T) protein structure were predicted by SWISS-MODEL online software. The hydrophobic surface area and aliphatic index of the WT and mutated RECQL5 were predicted.
TABLE 1. Clinical characteristics of the affected family members.
Laboratory investigations
Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes of all the five family members with a DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) following the manufacturer’s instruction. The proband (III-1) was selected to perform the whole-exome sequencing. Exome capture and next-generation sequencing were conducted by Berry Genomics Biotech Company (Beijing, China). The strategies of data filtering are as follows (Yu et al., 2023): (a) non-synonymous SNPs or frameshift-causing INDELs with an alternative allele frequency >0.05 in the NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project Exome Variant Server (ESP6500), dbSNP152 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/index.html), the 1000 Genomes Project (http://www.1000genomes.org/), the ExAC database (http://exac.broadinstitute.org), or in-house exome databases of Berry Genomics (2000 exomes) were excluded; (b) the filtered SNVs and INDELs, predicted by SIFT (http://sift.jcvi.org/), PolyPhen2 (http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/pph2/), and MutationTaster (http://www.mutationtaster.org/) to be damaging, were retained; (c) co-segregation analysis was conducted on the family members by Sanger sequencing.
Whole-exome sequencing yielded 9.84 Gb data with 98.9% coverage of the target region and 97.2% of the target covered over 10×. After alignment and single-nucleotide variant calling, 80,728 variants were identified in the proband. Then, via the aforementioned filtering method and Sanger sequencing validation, a novel mutation (NM_004259: c.1247T>C/p.I416T) of RECQL5 was identified in the proband. No other known gene mutation underlying CAD, MI, hypertension, hyperuricemia, and hemiplegia was detected. Additional Sanger analysis confirmed that the novel mutation was existent in the affected siblings and absent in the healthy controls and 200 local control cohorts (Figure 1C). This mutation was also absent in public databases such as the 1000 Genomes Project, gnomAD, and Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC). Cross-species alignment analysis of RECQL5 amino acid sequences revealed that this mutated site was highly evolutionarily conserved (Figure 1D). SWISS-MODEL online software revealed that the p. I416T mutation changed the hydrophobic surface area and aliphatic index of RECQL5 (Figure 1E).
Discussion
RECQL5, a member of the RecQ helicase family, plays an important role in replication, transcription, and especially repair. The RecQ family of helicases represents one of the most highly conserved groups of 3′-5′ DNA helicases and is named after the prototype Escherichia coli RecQ, called RECQL1, BLM, WRN, RECQL4, and RECQL5. Biallelic mutations in these RecQ homologs, WRN, BLM, and RECQL4, have been previously reported to be associated with rare human genetic diseases characterized by chromosomal instability and cancer susceptibility (Croteau et al., 2014; Thakkar et al., 2022). In 2022, Abu-Libdeh et al. reported that RECQL1 mutations can induce impaired DNA damage repair ability and lead to RECON syndrome, a genome instability disorder (Abu-Libdeh et al., 2022). RECQL5 deficiency may disrupt RAD51 recombinase nucleoprotein filaments and lead to genome instability (Hu et al., 2007; Andrs et al., 2020). Several studies have also indicated that RECQL5 was involved in multiple hereditary cancer susceptibility (Tavera-Tapia et al., 2019; Xia et al., 2021; Thakkar et al., 2022).
At present, only one study reported that RECQL5 mutations may result in MI and CAD (Xie et al., 2016). The study by Izumikawa et al. also revealed that RECQL5 may regulate the expression of LDLR, an essential gene for the regulation of plasma cholesterol, which was associated with MI and CAD (Izumikawa et al., 2008). In addition, knocking down the expression of RECQL5 may also affect the expression of β-actin, another gene related to cardiac remodeling and MI (Izumikawa et al., 2008). Here, in our study, the family members who carried the novel mutation (p.I416T) presented different clinical features. However, the MI, CAD, and stroke clinical features can result from the increase of plasma cholesterol, which was regulated by RECQL5. The different phenotypes may be caused by environmental factors and genetic heterogeneity.
The human RECQL5 gene, located on 17q25.1, encodes a DNA helicase named RecQ-like helicase 5, which contains a helicase domain, a RECQC domain, and a long C-terminal with an NLS domain (Saponaro et al., 2014). The mutation (NM_004259: c.1247T>C/p.I416T) is located in the helicase domain, which contains a conserved Zn2+-binding subdomain essential for efficient helicase activity (Newman et al., 2017). Hence, according to the SWISS-MODEL analysis, the mutation may affect the hydrophobic surface area and aliphatic index of RECQL5 and finally reduce the helicase activity and induce MI and CAD.
Conclusion
In summary, we identified a novel mutation (NM_004259: c.1247T>C/p.I416T) of RECQL5 in a Han-Chinese family with MI, CAD, and stroke hemiplegia by whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing. We reported the second mutation of RECQL5 underlying MI and CAD. Our study expanded the spectrum of RECQL5 mutations and contributed to genetic diagnosis and counseling of MI and CAD.
Data availability statement
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of therepository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found below: https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/gsa-human/browse/HRA004190, China National Center for Bioinformation (HRA004190).
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
YT, QW, and WZ performed the genetic analysis and wrote the draft of the manuscript. YL and LF performed the bioinformatics analysis. ZZ and JH enrolled the samples. LL and JH designed the projected and supported the study. All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
Funding
This study was supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province (2019SK 2021), the Science and Technology innovation program of Hunan Province (2020SK50922), the Hunan Province Health Commission Scientific Research Project (202103012102), the Scientific Research Launch Project for new employees of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (LL), Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate (CX20220358), and the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for college students (XCX2022375).
Acknowledgments
The authors thank all the subjects for participating in this study.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2023.1146932/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, stroke hemiplegia, RECQL5, whole-exome sequencing, novel mutation
Citation: Tang Y, Wang Q, Zhang W-K, Liu Y-X, Zheng Z-F, Fan L-L, Liu L and He J (2023) Case report: A novel mutation of RecQ-like helicase 5 in a Chinese family with early myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and stroke hemiplegia. Front. Genet. 14:1146932. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1146932
Received: 18 January 2023; Accepted: 13 April 2023;
Published: 26 April 2023.
Edited by:
Huiming Lu, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, United StatesReviewed by:
Rodrigo Secolin, State University of Campinas, BrazilNihan Erginel-Unaltuna, Istanbul University, Türkiye
Valeria Maddaloni, Hospital of the Hills, Italy
Copyright © 2023 Tang, Wang, Zhang, Liu, Zheng, Fan, Liu and He. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Lv Liu, ZG9jbGl1bHZAY3N1LmVkdS5jbg==; Jin He, Mzk0OTI5NzM0QHFxLmNvbQ==
†These authors have contributed equally to this work