EPHX1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms are associated with COPD risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects approximately 400 million people worldwide and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. The effect of EPHX1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms on COPD risk has not been fully characterized.

Objective: To investigate the association of EPHX1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms with COPD risk.

Methods: A systematic search was conducted on 9 databases to identify studies published in English and Chinese. The analysis was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guidelines (PRISMA). The pooled OR and 95% CI were calculated to evaluate the association of EPHX1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms with COPD risk. The I² test, Q test, Egger’s test, and Begg’s test were conducted to determine the level of heterogeneity and publication bias of the included studies.

Results: In total, 857 articles were retrieved, among which 59 met the inclusion criteria. The EPHX1 rs1051740 polymorphism (homozygote, heterozygote, dominant, recessives, and allele model) was significantly associated with high risk of COPD risk. Subgroup analysis revealed that the EPHX1 rs1051740 polymorphism was significantly associated with COPD risk among Asians (homozygote, heterozygote, dominant, and allele model) and Caucasians (homozygote, dominant, recessives, and allele model). The EPHX1 rs2234922 polymorphism (heterozygote, dominant, and allele model) was significantly associated with a low risk of COPD. Subgroup analysis showed that the EPHX1 rs2234922 polymorphism (heterozygote, dominant, and allele model) was significantly associated with COPD risk among Asians. The GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism (homozygote and recessives model) was significantly associated with COPD risk. Subgroup analysis showed that the GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism (homozygote and recessives model) was significantly associated with COPD risk among Caucasians. The GSTP1 rs1138272 polymorphism (heterozygote and dominant model) was significantly associated with COPD risk. Subgroup analysis suggested that the GSTP1 rs1138272 polymorphism (heterozygote, dominant, and allele model) was significantly associated with COPD risk among Caucasians.

Conclusion: The C allele in EPHX1 rs1051740 among Asians and the CC genotype among Caucasians may be risk factors for COPD. However, the GA genotype in EPHX1 rs2234922 may be a protective factor against COPD in Asians. The GG genotype in GSTP1 rs1695 and the TC genotype in GSTP1 rs1138272 may be risk factors for COPD, especially among Caucasians.

1 Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease that is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and the associated respiratory symptoms. Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are important components of the mechanism contributing to COPD (Cheng et al., 2004; Global Initiative for Chronic Obstruc, 2021). COPD is the leading cause of lung disease-associated morbidity and mortality, and its incidence has been increasing globally (Singh et al., 2019). It has been predicted that by 2030, COPD will be the third leading cause of death worldwide, imposing a heavy socioeconomic burden (Nikolaou et al., 2020). COPD onset is closely correlated with airway and lung inflammation caused by harmful particles and smoke (Lareau et al., 2019; Global Initiative for Chronic Obstruc, 2021). However, only 10%–20% of chronic smokers exhibit COPD-associated severe lung dysfunction and the risk of airflow limitation varies greatly among smokers (Bascom, 1991; Pillai et al., 2009). Furthermore, patients with early-onset COPD exhibit familial aggregation (Silverman et al., 1998), indicating that COPD is a complex disease that is caused by interactions between genetic and environmental factors 9). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported many COPD-associated susceptibility genes (Sakornsakolpat et al., 2019; Shrine et al., 2019). Several studies have also shown that gene polymorphisms play a key role in COPD pathogenesis (Xiao et al., 2004; An et al., 2016a; Cho et al., 2022). Thus, the key genetic variations associated with COPD susceptibility need to be identified to improve COPD prevention and treatment.

Cigarette smoke contains many toxic constituents which stimulate the release of vast amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) by airway epithelial cells, granulocytes, and macrophages, leading to oxidative stress, oxidative inactivation of antiproteases, alveolar epithelial damage, increased neutrophils in pulmonary microvessels, and enhanced proinflammatory gene expression. Some of the genes involved in the metabolism of toxic substances found in cigarette smoke are thought to participate in COPD pathogenesis (Joos et al., 2002; Silverman, 2020). For instance, glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1) are typical detoxification enzyme genes known to be highly expressed in the lungs and are closely associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in COPD (Tomaki et al., 2007).

EPHX1, which is involved in the metabolism and detoxification of exogenous chemicals, plays a key role in general oxidative defense in the lungs (Sandford and Silverman, 2002). The EPHX1 gene (≈35.48 kb long) is located on chromosome 1q42.1 and contains 9 exons and 8 introns (Akparova et al., 2017). Mutations of exon 3 Tyr113His (rs1051740) and exon 4 His139Arg (rs2234922) are the most common polymorphisms that influence the EPHX1 enzyme activities (Kiyohara et al., 2006). Genetic correlation case-control studies have shown that EPHX1 rs1051740 genetic variations increased the risk of COPD (Hersh et al., 2005; Hersh et al., 2006; Hersh et al., 2007), whereas EPHX1 rs2234922 variation decrease the risk of COPD (Smith and Harrison, 1997). However, these observations are controversial because some studies did not find any correlations between these polymorphisms and COPD risk (Brøgger et al., 2006; Chappell et al., 2008). GSTP1 (≈3 kb long), a member of the GST superfamily, is located on chromosome 11q13 and contains 6 introns and 7 exons. Compared to other GSTs, it is highly expressed in respiratory tissues including the alveoli, alveolar macrophages as well as bronchioles (Cantlay et al., 1994). GSTP1 catalyzes various electrophiles and glutathione, and serves to eliminate the products in tobacco smoke that cause toxicity associated with electrophiles and oxidative stress (Rodriguez et al., 2005; Du et al., 2019). Exon 5 Ile105Val (rs1695) and exon 6 Ala114Val (rs1138272) are the main GSTP1 polymorphisms (Cheng et al., 2004). Although studies have investigated the association of EPHX1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms with the risk of COPD in different ethnic groups, findings from such studies have been inconsistent which may be attributed to the small sample sizes in the studies. Here, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the association of EPHX1 (rs1051740 and rs2234922) and GSTP1 (rs1695 and rs1138272) polymorphisms with the risk of COPD risk, with the aim of providing evidence-based information on COPD pathogenesis which can be used to develop potential strategies for its diagnosis, prevention and treatment. The analysis was conducted in line with the PRISMA 2020 (Supplementary Table S1).

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Search strategy

A search was conducted on the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, CENTRAL, CINAHL, CNKI, and WANFANG DATA to identify relevant studies published up to 31 September 2022. Search terms included “COPD”, “gene”, “gene variation”, “single nucleotide polymorphism”, “EPHX1”, and “GSTP1”. Detailed retrieval strategies are provided in Supplementary Table S2. References in the retrieved literature were also reviewed.

2.2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The inclusion criteria for studies were: ①Explored the association of EPHX1 rs1051740, rs2234922, and GSTP1 rs1695, rs1138272 polymorphisms with the risk of COPD; ②case-control studies; ③ Reported specific genotype and allele counts or significant allele frequency (MAF) between groups; and ④ Involved human subjects.

The exclusion criteria for studies were: ① Were repeat published studies; ②Case reports, comments, or expert opinions; ③ Included other genetic polymorphisms; ④ Involved a non-healthy (with other diseases, such as lung cancer) control group; and ⑤ Lacked data that could be extracted from text, tables, or charts, or that could be obtained from the authors upon request.

2.3 Data extraction and literature quality evaluation

Two researchers (QY and WH) independently searched for the articles, assessed the inclusion/exclusion parameters, and conducted data extraction. Any discrepancies were resolved through discussions between two reviewers (JT and ZL). The extracted data included the first author’s name, year of publication, sample size, ethnicity, genotype, genotyping method, genotype count, allele count, and whether it met the Hardy Weinberger equilibrium (HWE). Using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) (Stang, 2010), the quality of included studies was evaluated based on the following criteria: selection of research subjects, comparability between groups, and outcome measurements. Studies with NOS scores ≥6 were considered high-quality studies (Mirzakhani et al., 2020).

2.4 Statistical analysis

The association of EPHX1 (rs1051740 and rs2234922) and GSTP1 (rs1695 and rs1138272) polymorphisms with the risk of COPD was analyzed using homozygote, heterozygote, dominant, recessive, and allele models. Higgin’s I² and Cochran’s Q tests were used to evaluate heterogeneity between studies. Where heterogeneity was significant (I² >50%, P_Q<0.10), the random-effects model (DerSimonian–Lloyd method) was used, and in contrast (I² ≤ 50%, P_Q≥0.10), the fixed-effects model (Mantel‒Haenszel method) was used. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used as effect measurement indicators for each result. Furthermore, we conducted subgroup analyses according to different ethnic information. Egger’s and Begg’s tests were used to assess the publication bias, with p > 0.05 indicating no significant publication bias. If publication bias was found, the trim-and-fill method was used to assess the stability of the pooled results, and a funnel plot was drawn. A non-significant change in p values indicated that publication bias had little influence on the results. Sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding the studies one by one to determine the impact of each study on the total effects value and to assess the stability of results. All statistical analyses were done using Stata 17.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, United States).

3 Results

3.1 Document screening process and results

We employed an unrestricted literature search and a repeated search review procedure. Based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria, 59 articles containing genetic data were selected for analysis. Among them, 28 investigated EPHX1 rs1051740 and involved 5007 cases and 5476 controls, 26 explored EPHX1 rs2234922 and involved 4840 cases and 5326 controls, 31 investigated GSTP1 rs1695 and comprised 3975 cases and 4301 controls, while 7 explored GSTP1 rs1138272 and involved 1170 cases and 1455 controls. A schematic presentation of the literature screening process is shown in Figure 1. Based on the NOS scoring analysis of case controls, 16 studies had NOS scores of 6, while 43 had NOS scores of≥7, indicating that the included studies were of high quality. The basic characteristics of the included studies including the authors, publication years, NOS scores, ethnicity, genotype distributions of the case and control groups, and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium analysis of the control group gene distribution are shown in Table 1 and Table 2.

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. Schematic presentation of the literature screening process.

TABLE 1

TABLE 1. Essential characteristics of EPHX1 (rs1051740 and rs2234922) polymorphism in the included studies

TABLE 2

TABLE 2. Essential characteristics of GSTP1 (rs1695 and rs1138272) polymorphism in the included studies.

3.3 Association between the EPHX1 rs1051740 polymorphism and COPD risk

The results of meta-analyses of various models and subgroup analyses were utilized to explore the association of EPHX1 rs1051740 polymorphism with the COPD risk as shown in Table 3. In the overall analysis, heterogeneity among the five genetic models was high (I²>50%, P_Q<0.10). Therefore, the random-effects model was used to determine the pooled OR and its 95% CI. For the homozygote model (OR = 1.460, P_Z = 0.001), heterozygote model (OR = 1.275, P_Z = 0.007), dominant model (OR = 1.340, P_Z = 0.000), recessive model (OR = 1.296, P_Z = 0.011) and allele model (OR = 1.254, P_Z = 0.000), EPHX1 rs1051740 was significantly associated with COPD risk, indicating that the C allele is a risk factor for COPD. Subgroup analysis based on ethnicity showed that in the homozygote model (OR = 1.453, P_Z = 0.007), heterozygote model (OR = 1.465, P_Z = 0.027), dominant model (OR = 1.520, P_Z = 0.005), and allele model (OR = 1.308, P_Z = 0.002), EPHX1 rs1051740 was significantly associated with COPD risk among Asians, suggesting that the C allele is a risk factor for COPD in Asians. In addition, we also found that in the homozygote model (OR = 1.497, P_Z = 0.025), dominant model (OR = 1.14, P_Z = 0.028), recessive model (OR = 1.482, P_Z = 0.033) and allele model (OR = 1.186, P_Z = 0.005), EPHX1 rs1051740 was significantly associated with COPD risk among Caucasians, indicating that the CC genotype is a risk factor for COPD in Caucasians. Since 8 studies had P_HWE<0.05 (Yim et al., 2000; Korytina et al., 2003; Park et al., 2003; Xiao et al., 2003; Xiao et al., 2004; Fu et al., 2007; Vibhuti et al., 2007; El Wahsh et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015), we conducted a subgroup analysis involving 20 studies with P_HWE≥0.05. It was found that EPHX1 rs1051740 [homozygote model (OR = 1.409, 95% CI = 1.093–1.817, P_Z = 0.008), recessive model (OR = 1.411, 95% CI = 1.116–1.784, P_Z = 0.004) and allele model (OR = 1.203, 95% CI = 1.071–1.352, P_Z = 0.002)] was significantly associated with COPD risk, consistent with findings from the overall analysis. Thus, studies with P_HWE<0.05 did not affect the overall results, and the findings were generally reliable.

TABLE 3

TABLE 3. Meta-analysis results of the association between EPHX1 rs1051740 and COPD risk.

Egger’s test [homozygote model (P_Egger = 0.031), recessive model (P_Egger = 0.029) and allele model (P_Egger = 0.023)] showed that publication bias might have been present, but Begg’s test did not reveal any publication bias (P_Bgge>0.05) (Table 3). The nonparametric trim-and-fill method was used to reduce the deviation in the combined effects. The trim-and-fill method is used to correct the impact of publication bias on the combined effect of meta-analysis. If the result of funnel plots show symmetry and P_z > 0.05 based on the trim-and-fill method results, the publication bias is not considered to significantly affect the reliability of the pooled results (Luo et al., 2022). We found that there were no significant changes in amounts of effects before and after pruning in the homozygote model (4 supplementary studies, OR = 1.331, 95% CI = 1.065–1.664, P_Z = 0.012) and the allele model (3 excluded studies, OR = 1.254, 95% CI = 1.128–1.393, P_Z = 0.000), indicating that the publication bias was too small to affect the stability of subgroup analysis results (Figures 2A, C). However, the shapes of the funnel plots were not symmetrical in the recessive models and Pz>0.05, indicating that the pooled results of the recessive model might not be stable (4 supplementary studies, OR = 1.254, 95% CI = 1.128–1.393, P_Z = 0.567) (Figure 2B). Given the high heterogeneity (I²>50%, P_Q<0.05) among the five genetic models, we conducted sensitivity analyses by excluding the studies one by one. The OR values of all studies fell within the 95% CI (Figure 3), which indicated that the overall estimates were stable and the results were reliable.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. Funnel diagram of the trim-and-fill method of the EPHX1 rs1051740 polymorphism (Red points represent the supplementary studies). (A) Homozygote model. (B) Reccssive model. (C) Allele model.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. Sensitivity analysis diagram of the EPHX1 rs1051740 polymorphism.

3.4 Association between EPHX1 rs2234922 polymorphism and COPD risk

The results of meta-analyses of various models and the subgroups used to explore the association between EPHX1 rs2234922 polymorphism and COPD risk are summarized in Table 4. In the overall analysis, heterogeneity among the five genetic models was low (I²<50%, P_Q>0.10), and thus the fixed-effects model was used to determine the pooled OR and it is 95% CI. For the heterozygote model (OR = 0.885, P_Z = 0.007), dominant model (OR = 0.886, P_Z = 0.005) and allele model (OR = 0.906, P_Z = 0.007), EPHX1 rs2234922 was found to be significantly associated with a lower risk of COPD, indicating that the G allele may be a protective factor for COPD. Subgroup analyses based on ethnicity showed that in the heterozygote model (OR = 0.716, P_Z = 0.000), dominant model (OR = 0.752, P_Z = 0.000) and allele model (OR = 0.817, P_Z = 0.002), EPHX1 rs2234922 was significantly associated with reduced COPD risk among Asians, indicating that the GA genotype may be a protective factor for COPD among Asians. Considering that 2 studies had P_HWE<0.05 (Fu et al., 2007; Zheng and Zheng, 2009), we conducted a subgroup analysis of 24 studies with P_HWE≥0.05. Results showed that EPHX1 rs2234922 [dominant model (OR = 0.912, 95% CI = 0.836–0.994, P_Z = 0.037) and allele model (OR = 0.922, 95% CI = 0.857–0.933, P_Z = 0.032)] were associated with a lower risk of COPD, consistent with findings from the overall analysis, and indicating that some studies with P_HWE <0.05 did not affect the overall results, which were reliable.

TABLE 4

TABLE 4. Meta-analysis results of the association between EPHX1 rs2234922 and COPD risk.

Egger’s and Begg’s tests of the included studies did not reveal any publication bias (P_Egger>0.05, P_Bgge>0.05) (Table 4). Sensitivity analysis was conducted by excluding the studies one by one. The OR values of all studies fell within the 95% CI (Figure 4). These results suggested that the overall estimates were stable and the results were reliable.

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4. Sensitivity analysis diagram of the EPHX1 rs2234922 polymorphism.

3.5 Association between the GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism and COPD risk

The results of the meta-analysis among various models and subgroups used to explore the association between GSTP1 rs1695 and COPD risk are summarized in Table 5. In the overall analysis, the heterogeneity of the recessive model was low (I² = 45.40%, P_Q = 0.004), and therefore, the fixed-effects model was used to determine the pooled OR and its 95% CI. The other models had significant heterogeneity (I²>50%, P_Q<0.10). Thus, the random-effects model was adopted. For the homozygote model (OR = 1.434, P_Z = 0.022) and recessive model (OR = 1.395, P_Z = 0.000), GSTP1 rs2234922 was found to be significantly associated with COPD risk, indicating that the GG genotype is a risk factor for COPD. Subgroup analysis based on ethnicity showed that in the homozygote model (OR = 2.064, P_Z = 0.000) and recessive model (OR = 1.850, P_Z = 0.000), GSTP1 rs1695 was significantly associated with COPD risk among Caucasians, while the association among Asians was not significant. Since 4 studies had P_HWE <0.05 (Zhang et al., 2003; Calikoglu et al., 2006; Korytina et al., 2009; An et al., 2019b), we conducted a subgroup analysis of 27 studies with P_HWE≥0.05 and established that GSTP1 rs1695 [homozygote model (OR = 1.586, 95% CI = 1.210–2.080, P_Z = 0.001) and recessive model (OR = 1.533, 95% CI = 1.273–1.846, P_Z = 0.000)] was significantly associated with COPD risk, consistent with findings in the overall analysis, indicating that some studies with P_HWE <0.05 did not affect the overall results, which were reliable.

TABLE 5

TABLE 5. Meta-analysis results of the association between GSTP1 rs1695 and COPD risk.

Egger’s and Begg’s tests did not reveal any publication bias (P_Egger>0.05, P_Bgge>0.05) among the included studies (Table 5). In addition, sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding the studies one by one to determine the impact of each study on heterogeneity (I² >50%, P_Q <0.05). The OR values for all studies were within the 95% CI (Figure 5). These results indicate that the overall estimate was stable and the results were reliable.

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 5. Sensitivity analysis diagram for GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism.

3.6 Association between GSTP1 rs1138272 polymorphism and COPD risk

The results of the meta-analysis of various models and subgroups used to explore the association between GSTP1 rs1138272 and COPD risk are summarized in Table 6. In the overall analysis, significant heterogeneity was identified among the five genetic models (I²>50%, P_Q<0.10). Therefore, the random-effects model was used to determine the pooled OR and its 95% CI. For the heterozygote model (OR = 1.908, P_Z = 0.013) and dominant model (OR = 1.81, P_Z = 0.018), GSTP1 rs1138272 was significantly associated with COPD risk, indicating that the TC genotype is a risk factor for COPD. Subgroup analysis by ethnicity revealed a significant association of GSTP1 rs1138272 with COPD risk among Caucasians for the homozygote model (OR = 2.570, P_Z = 0.112), heterozygote model (OR = 2.244, P_Z = 0.009) dominant model (OR = 2.303, P_Z = 0.009) and allele model (OR = 1.822, P_Z = 0.000). These results indicate that the TC genotype might be a risk factor for COPD among Caucasians. Since 2 studies had P_HWE <0.05 (Vibhuti et al., 2007; Korytina et al., 2009), we conducted a subgroup analysis of 5 studies with P_HWE ≥0.05 and observed that GSTP1 rs1138272 was not significantly correlated with COPD risk [homozygote model (OR = 1.085, 95% CI = 0.768–7.656, P_Z = 0.918), heterozygote model (OR = 2.425, 95% CI = 0.768–7.656, P_Z = 0.131), dominant model (OR = 2.112, 95% CI = 0.743–6.006, P_Z = 0.161), recessive model (OR = 0.567, 95% CI = 0.158–2.038, P_Z = 0.385), and allele model (OR = 1.155, 95% CI = 0.742–1.797, P_Z = 0.524)], inconsistent with findings from the overall analysis.

TABLE 6

TABLE 6. Meta-analysis results of the association between GSTP1 rs1138272 and COPD risk.

Egger’s and Begg’s tests did not reveal any publication bias among the included studies (P_Egger>0.05, P_Bgge>0.05) (Table 6). Given the significant heterogeneity (I²>50%, P_Q<0.05) and inconsistent results caused by articles with P_HWE<0.05, we performed a sensitivity analysis by excluding the studies one by one. The OR values of all studies were within the 95% CI (Figure 6). These results indicate that the overall estimate was stable and the results were reliable.

FIGURE 6

FIGURE 6. Sensitivity analysis diagram of the GSTP1 rs1138272 polymorphism

4 Discussion

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a polygenic disease that is caused by various environmental factors and genetic factors (Silverman, 2020). The genes implicated in COPD occurrence are those that participate in anti-proteolysis, metabolism of toxic cigarette substances, airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory responses to smoking, and oxidative stress (Bossé, 2012). Among them, oxidative stress contributes to the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine genes expression, enhances inflammatory responses, and damages the airway epithelium as well as the pulmonary interstitium and is a key driver of COPD development (Wu et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2015). EPHX1 and GSTP1 are key oxidation-inhibiting enzymes which are xenobiotic metabolism enzyme genes. They are mainly involved in the first metabolism of foreign xenobiotic substances in the lungs, including cigarette smoke, oxides, and intermediate products of reactive oxides (An et al., 2019a). Although they have been extensively studied, the relationship between their mutations and the pathogenesis as well as risk of COPD is controversial. Thus, there is a need to explore the roles of EPHX1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms in COPD development to inform the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the disease. This meta-analysis investigated the association of EPHX1 (rs1051740 and rs2234922) and GSTP1 (rs1695 and rs1138272) polymorphisms with the risk of COPD. Since the ethnic background of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions affect SNP and disease risk, we conducted subgroup analysis based on ethnicity to determine the association between EPHX1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms and COPD risk in different ethnic groups.

Our meta-analysis of EPHX1 rs1051740 showed that the C allele of EPHX1 rs1051740 may be a risk factor for COPD. It was reported that a T/C mutation on codon 113 of exon 3 of EPHX1, substituting Tyr113 with His113, reduces the enzymatic activities of EPHX1 by 40%–50%, which increases the oxidation rate beyond the antioxidative capacity, resulting in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the organism and eventually, cell and lung tissue damage (Hassett et al., 1994). Clinical studies have demonstrated that the C allele is associated with lung dysfunction, reduced glutathione levels, and elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in COPD patients (Vibhuti et al., 2007). In the subgroup analysis of EPHX1 rs1051740, it was found that the C allele is a risk factor for COPD in Asians. Furthermore, compared with genotype TT, genotype CC is a risk factor for COPD in Caucasians. These results are consistent with the observations that EPHX1 rs1051740 mutations decrease EPHX1 enzyme activity leading to an increase in the risk of COPD. A previous meta-analysis of 19 studies published in 2016 by An L et al. did not find any association between EPHX1 rs1051740 and COPD risk in Asians (OR = 0.92, P_Z=0.31) and Caucasians (OR = 1.01, P_Z=0.65) (An et al., 2016b). However, this study only used the allele model to pool analysis, which has greater limitations and needs further in-depth mining and research. Differences among the meta-analyses may also be attributed to the number of included studies that used the allelic model to perform the meta-analysis and publication bias. Here, we included all available studies that met our inclusion criteria (28 studies) to study the association between different genotypes of EPHX1 and COPD risk and used Egger’s and Begg’s tests to rule out any publication bias. And we also used the trim-and-fill method and sensitivity analysis to enhance the study’s rigor and reliability.

Furthermore, when a G/A mutation on codon 139 of EPHX1 exon 4 replaces Hisl39 with Arg139, it increases the activities of EPHX1 by 25% (Luo et al., 2019). Our meta-analysis findings indicate that the G allele of the EPHX1 rs2234922 gene may confer protection against COPD. Furthermore, in the subgroup analysis, we observed that Asians with the GA genotype had a decreased risk of COPD compared to individuals with the AA genotype. However, in the case of Caucasians, we did not identify any statistically significant associations. In contrast, studies of An L found that EPHX1 rs2234922 is not associated with COPD pathogenesis (OR = 1.01, P_Z = 0.65) (An et al., 2016b). Lee J et al. concluded that although a statistically significant correlation was not observed, the presence of EPHX1 rs2234922 correlated with reduced COPD risk, consistent with the theory that the GA genotype of EPHX1 can increase the detoxification ability of the EPHX1 enzyme (Lee et al., 2011). We postulated that (rs1051740 and rs2234922) polymorphisms affect its enzymatic activities, which further involve the oxidative/antioxidative balance. Further investigations are required to establish if the polymorphisms of EPHX1 (rs1051740 and rs2234922) are significantly associated with COPD risk.

The tightly linked gene-gene interactions were observed between EPHX1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms, and alterations in the combined EPHX1-GSTP1 detoxification activity may affect COPD development (Ganbold et al., 2021). In view of the relationship between GSTP1 and EPHX1, we simultaneously investigated the correlation between GSTP1 polymorphisms and COPD risk. It was found that the GG genotype on GSTP1 rs1695 may be a risk factor for COPD. Subgroup analysis showed that Caucasians with the GG genotype were more likely to develop COPD than those with GA or AA genotypes, but the GG genotype was not associated with an increased risk of COPD among Asians. These findings are consistent with those of a previous meta-analysis published in 2010 that GSTP1 rs1695 is associated with increased COPD risk among Caucasians in the recessive model (OR = 1.59, P_Z=0.001) but not among Asians (OR = 0.93, P_Z = 0.64) (Zhong et al., 2010). However, another meta-analysis of 17 studies published in 2015 by Yang L found that there is no significant correlation between GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism and COPD risk in any genetic model (Yang et al., 2015). The association between GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism and COPD risk remains controversial, and no meta-analysis update has been conducted recently. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis. In our study, we included 31 articles, including 5 newly published studies in the recent 7 years, and the analysis was more comprehensive and rigorous. Our results are more reliable than those of the other meta-analyses. It has been shown that the A/G mutations on GSTP1’s exon-5, which replace Ile105 with Val105, result in changing the volume and hydrophobicity of amino acids and inhibiting the enzyme’s activities as well as thermal stability, thereby reducing its detoxification capacity (Watson et al., 1998). It results in excess amounts of oxidants and free radicals in lung tissues and promotes airway tissue inflammation, which can cause bronchitis, emphysema, and COPD (Ganbold et al., 2021). This is consistent with our finding that the GSTP1 rs1695 GG genotype increases COPD risk. Large-sample clinical research showed that GSTP1 rs1695 was related to the rapid decline of lung function, which indirectly supported this evidence (He et al., 2004).

Our meta-analysis of GSTP1 rs1138272 showed that the TC genotype is a risk factor for COPD, and subgroup analysis showed that Caucasians carrying the TC genotype are more likely to suffer from COPD. It has been shown that the frequency of GSTP1 rs1138272 TC genotype in COPD patients was significantly higher than in normal people (28.57% vs. 14.45%), indicating that the GSTP1 rs1138272 polymorphism may be associated with COPD risk (Korytina et al., 2009). In contrast, Ganbold C et al. (Ganbold et al., 2021) concluded that GSTP1 rs1138272 polymorphisms are not correlated with COPD risk (OR = 1.38, p = 0.381). It is reported that the T/C variant of GSTP1 on exon 6 replaces Ala114 with Val114 without changing enzymatic activities (Watson et al., 1998). However, which is inconsistent with our findings. Our conclusion should be further validated because the number of studies involving the rs1138272 polymorphism of GSTP1 and the risk for COPD is small. We found that GSTP1 (rs1695 and rs1138272) mutations are associated with an increased risk of COPD. Given the correlation between GSTP and EPHX1, further studies should be performed to establish if EPHX1-GSTP1 interactions influence COPD development.

The P_HWE<0.05 of the control group in the original article indicates that there may be a potential deviation in the study during control selection or genotyping errors (Lee et al., 2014). To avoid such deviations, we conducted subgroup analysis on studies with P_HWE≥0.05 and found that only subgroup analysis results from GSTP1 rs1138272 differed from the original results. Our analysis found that data from 2 of the 5 studies involving GSTP1 rs1138272 (P_HWE≥0.05) could not be calculated using the factor model and another 3 studies had a high heterogeneity (I² >50%, P_Q<0.05), indicating that the deviation may be caused by the high heterogeneity between studies and the small number of studies. Sensitivity analysis showed that OR values for all of the studies were within the 95% CI, indicating that the results were stable and reliable. After subgroup analysis according to P_HWE≥0.05, the heterogeneity of EPHX1 1051740 (heterozygote model, dominant model and recessive model), EPHX1 rs2234922 (heterozygote model, dominant model and allele model), and GSTP1 rs1695 (homozygote model, heterozygote model, dominant model, recessive model and allele model) were decreased, so whether the control group included in the study conformed to P_HWE ≥0.05 may be one of the sources of partial result heterogeneity.

5 Strengths and limitations of the study

The key strengths of this study are as follows. Firstly, strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to comprehensively assess the association of the polymorphisms of EPHX1 (rs1051740 and rs2234922) and GSTP1 (rs1695 and rs1138272) with the risk of COPD. Moreover, subgroup analysis was performed on different ethnicities to determine the effects of these polymorphisms on COPD susceptibility in diverse populations. However, this study has some limitations. For instance, our results are based on individual unadjusted estimates, and therefore, a more accurate prediction model need to be established after adjusting for potential confounding factors, such as sex, age, body mass index, lung functions, smoking status, and other environmental factors. However, subgroup analysis did not reveal whether these factors are associated with gene polymorphisms. Secondly, the results obtained from the subgroup analyses may be limited by the small number of studies involving African populations. Thirdly, although genetic and environmental factors may increase COPD risk, gene-gene and gene-environment interactions could not be assessed because of the limited data available. Finally, some of the studies included in this meta-analysis had significant heterogeneity which decreases the reliability of the final results.

6 Conclusion

EPHX1 (rs1051740 and rs2234922) and GSTP1 (rs1695 and rs1138272) polymorphisms are associated with the risk of COPD. The C allele of EPHX1 rs1051740 may increase the risk of COPD, especially among Asians, whereas the CC genotype may be a risk factor for COPD among Caucasians. In contrast, the G allele of EPHX1 rs2234922 may protect against COPD, especially the GA genotype significantly reducing COPD risk in Asians. The G allele of GSTP1 rs1695 may increase COPD risk, especially among Africans, whereas the TC genotype of GSTP1 rs1138272 may increase COPD risk, especially among Caucasians. These results indicate that EPHX1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms play key roles in COPD pathogenesis. Therefore, they are potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in COPD. However, our conclusions should be validated in larger studies. Moreover, further analysis of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions should be performed to elucidate the mechanisms of COPD pathogenesis.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Author contributions

QY and WH conceptualization, methodology, writing-original draft, reviewing and editing. DY and LZ methodology, investigation, data curation, software and data analysis. YG methodology, writing review and editing. JT and ZL methodology, writing-review and editing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Funding

This work was jointly funded by the joint key project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U20A20398), the major science and technology project of Anhui Province (201903a0702015), and the collaborative innovation project of public health in provincial medical colleges (GXXT-2020-025).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2023.1128985/full#supplementary-material

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