AUTHOR=Deon Geize Aparecida , Glugoski Larissa , Sassi Francisco de Menezes Cavalcante , Hatanaka Terumi , Nogaroto Viviane , Bertollo Luiz Antônio Carlos , Liehr Thomas , Al-Rikabi Ahmed , Moreira-Filho Orlando , Cioffi Marcelo de Bello , Vicari Marcelo Ricardo 

TITLE=Chromosomal Rearrangements and Origin of the Multiple XX/XY1Y2 Sex Chromosome System in Harttia Species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) 

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Genetics

VOLUME=13

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/genetics/articles/10.3389/fgene.2022.877522

DOI=10.3389/fgene.2022.877522

ISSN=1664-8021

ABSTRACT=<p>The Neotropical genus <italic>Harttia</italic> comprises species with extensive chromosomal remodeling and distinct sex chromosome systems (SCSs). So far, three different SCSs with male heterogamety have been characterized in the group. In some species, the presence of the XX/XY<sub>1</sub>Y<sub>2</sub> SCS is associated with a decrease in diploid numbers and several chromosomal rearrangements, although a direct relation to sex chromosome differentiation has not been shown yet. Here, we aimed to investigate the differentiation processes that have led to the establishment of the rare XX/XY<sub>1</sub>Y<sub>2</sub> SCS and track its evolutionary history among other <italic>Harttia</italic> species. For that, four whole chromosome painting probes derived from chromosome 1 of <italic>H. torrenticola</italic> (HTO-1), chromosomes 9 and X of <italic>H. carvalhoi</italic> (HCA-9 and HCA-X), and chromosome X from <italic>H. intermontana</italic> (HIN-X) were applied in nine <italic>Harttia</italic> species. Homeologous chromosome blocks were located in <italic>Harttia</italic> species and demonstrated that Robertsonian (Rb) fusions originated HTO-1, HCA-9, and HCA-X chromosomes, while Rb fissions explain Y<sub>1</sub> and Y<sub>2</sub> sex chromosomes. Specifically, in <italic>H. intermontana</italic>, HCA-X, HCA-9, and the NOR-bearing chromosome demonstrated that homeologous blocks were used in the HIN-X and metacentric pair 2 origins. Consequently, diploid numbers changed between the studied species. Overall, the data also reinforce the existence of unstable genomic sites promoting chromosomal differentiation and remodeling within the genus <italic>Harttia</italic>.</p>