Oar-miR-432 Regulates Fat Differentiation and Promotes the Expression of BMP2 in Ovine Preadipocytes

The fat tail is a unique characteristic of sheep that represents energy reserves and is a complex adaptative mechanism of fat-tailed sheep to environmental stress. MicroRNA plays a significant role as regulators at the posttranscriptional level, but no studies have explained the molecular mechanisms of miRNA which regulate fat deposition in sheep tails. In this study, mRNA and miRNA analysis examined tail fat tissue from three Hu fat-tailed and three Tibetan thin-tailed sheep. After aligning to the reference sequences, 2,108 differentially expressed genes and 105 differential expression miRNAs were identified, including 1,247 up- and 861 downregulated genes and 43 up- and 62 downregulated miRNAs. Among these differentially expressed miRNAs, oar-miR-432 was one of the most downregulated miRNAs between Hu sheep and Tibetan sheep, and 712 genes were predicted to be targeted by oar-miR-432, 80 of which overlapped with DEGs. The Gene Ontology analysis on these genes showed that BMP2, LEP, GRK5, BMP7, and RORC were enriched in fat cell differentiation terms. The genes for BMP2 targeted by oar-miR-432 were examined using dual-luciferase assay. The oar-miR-432 mimic transfected into preadipocytes resulted in increased expression of BMP2. The marker gene PPAR-γ of fat differentiation had a lower expression than the negative control on days 0, 2, and 4 after induced differentiation. The decrease in the number of lipids in the oar-miR-432 mimic group detected by oil red O stain was also less than that in the negative control. This is the first study to reveal the fat mechanisms by which oar-miR-432 inhibits fat differentiation and promotes the expression of BMP2 in sheep tails.

Introduction

Sheep, as one of the first domesticated plant-eating animals, can be traced back to the Neolithic period about 11,000 years ago (Lawson Handley et al., 2007), especially in the Near East and Middle East based on existing archaeological evidence (Naval-Sanchez et al., 2018). To adapt to different environments, thin-tailed sheep evolved into fat-tailed sheep approximately 5,000 years ago, and the fat deposition in the tail or buttocks of sheep has become a desirable characteristic after domestication (Lv et al., 2015). Fat-tailed sheep makeup a quarter of the world’s sheep breeds (Mwacharo et al., 2017). In China, there are more than 98 indigenous sheep breeds, of which 80% are fat-tailed sheep. Based on the tail type, five types of the sheep can be defined (Mastrangelo et al., 2019).

With the improvement in people’s living standard, mutton consumption has been increasing, but the utilization rate of fat in sheep is less. The tail fat deposits are denser than those in other regions of the body (Bakhtiarizadeh et al., 2019). Excessive fat deposition affects the feed conversion rate of sheep, which increases the cost of farmers’ breeding. In production, a large amount of tail fat is directly discarded as waste, so it is necessary to conduct genetic improvement through modern breeding to reduce fat deposition and improve the feed conversion rate of sheep.

Given the importance of sheep tail in breeding, and its economic value, the regulatory mechanisms of fat deposition in the sheep tail are significant to understand. Until now, studies of fat deposition in sheep tail have mainly been concentrated on various genomic approaches, and during the proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes, previous studies that indicated genes and noncoding RNAs were involved (Bakhtiarizadeh and Salami, 2019).

At the posttranscriptional level, microRNAs (miRNAs) are a significant class of gene regulators (Krol et al., 2010), where the seed region of miRNA combines with the 3′-UTR of genes to induce degradation or inhibit target gene translation (Bartel, 2009). In many organisms, miRNAs have been identified and are essential for cell proliferation and differentiation (Ge et al., 2019). An example is myoblast proliferation, where miR-10b-5p normally decreases steadily, but during myoblast differentiation, it increases significantly (Ge et al., 2019). However, no study has investigated the biological mechanisms of fat deposition of sheep tail by combined miRNA-seq and mRNA-seq.

In this study, miRNA-seq and mRNA-seq were used to identify potential miRNAs and mRNA related to sheep fat deposition in Hu fat-tailed and Tibetan thin-tailed sheep breeds. The oar-miR-432 associated with fat synthesis was identified, which is also one of the most downregulated miRNAs (Hao et al., 2021). The TargetScan, miRanda, and RNAhybrid packages of software were used to predict the potential target genes of oar-miR-432 (John et al., 2004; Krüger and Rehmsmeier, 2006; Agarwal et al., 2015) and putative target genes that overlapped with differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The effects of oar-miR-432 on the differentiation of ovine preadipocytes and its target genes were analyzed. The aim of this study was to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of fat deposition in sheep tails, which would offer a basis for the genetic improvement of fat-tailed sheep breed.

Materials and Methods

Identified DEGs and DE miRNAs Identified and GO Enrichment Analysis

Six 18-month-old rams with similar weights in June, consisting of three pure-bred fat tailed Hu sheep from Yongdeng, Gansu, and three pure-bred thin tailed Tibetan sheep from Yushu, Qinghai, were used in this study. Tail fat from the rams was collected and washed with 0.9% NaCl immediately and then was frozen in liquid nitrogen. RNA was extracted by TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, United States) and sequenced by BGI (Shenzhen, China). The mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq data were mapped to Ovis_aries (Oar_v3.1), and related DEGs and differential expression miRNAs (DE miRNAs) were identified. Putative target mRNAs of oar-miR-432 were predicted by three different predictive software (RNAhybrid, TargetScan, and miRanda algorithm) (John et al., 2004; Krüger and Rehmsmeier, 2006; Agarwal et al., 2015). The data were uploaded in the SRA database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra) as PRJNA792697 and PRJNA777369. The significant enrichment of Gene Ontology (GO) functional terms with overlapped genes that showed differential expression was analyzed, which covered the three domains of cellular component, molecular function, and biological process (Chen et al., 2020).

Plasmid Vector Construction and Transfection

The oar-miR-432 seed motif was mutated at the 3^’−UTR site of BMP2. The primers were 5′-gtt​taa​aca​cat​ttA​GAA​CCC​tgt​taa​acc​cat​ttc​aga​caa-3′ for mut1 and 5′-aat​ggg​ttt​aac​aGG​GTT​CTa​aat​gtg​ttt​aaa​cac​ata​acc​tta​gaa-3′ for mut2. The experimental groups were set up as follows: BMP2-WT + mimics NC, BMP2-WT + oar-miR-432, BMP2-MUT + mimics NC, and BMP2-MUT + oar-miR-432. The HEK293T cells were resuscitated and cultured in complete medium in 24-well plates in an incubator at 5% CO₂ and 37°C. When the cells grew to 60% or 70% confluence, they were cultured in Opti-medium (Gibco, United States) in quadruplicate, which contained 100 ng of the final construct and 20 nM of oar-miR-432 mimic (Trajkovski et al., 2012), with complete medium changed after 4–6 h. The cells were collected after transfection after 48 h. The Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega) was used for analysis.

Isolation of Preadipocytes From the Adipose Tissue of Fat-Tailed Sheep and Transfection of the Oar-miR-432 Mimic

The preadipocytes were isolated from the tail fat of a 70-day-old Hu sheep fetus by collagenase digestion (Li et al., 2020) and cultured in vitro in a complete medium made up of 90% DMEM +5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) with 1% penicillin–streptomycin (PS) for 2 days at 37°C until the cells were almost adherent to the wall. The cells were subcultured to 6-well plates and cultured with 1000ul Opti-medium and 500 ng oar-miR-432 mimic in triplicate for 4–6 h before Opti-medium was replaced with a new complete medium. When the cells showed contact inhibition, the complete medium was replaced with the induction differentiation medium consisting of 90% DMEM +5% FBS +1% PS + 0.5 mM isobutyl methylxanthine +10 mg/ml insulin +1 uM dexamethasone and cultured for 2 days, which set as the first day (Li et al., 2020). Finally, the maintenance differentiation medium of 90% DMEM +5% FBS +1% PS +10 mg/ml insulin was used to culture for a further 2 days. The cells were collected from the oar-miR-432 mimic and negative control (NC) at days 0, 2, and 4 to extract RNA and protein. The cells differentiated for 4 days were stained with oil red O solution (Solarbio, China).

Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and Western Blot Analysis

TRIzol was used to extract total RNA. Reverse transcription and RT-qPCR reaction were descripted by Jin et al. (2020) with β-actin as the housekeeping gene. The stem-loop method was used to synthesize cDNA from miRNAs and miRNA Design V1.01 (https://www.vazyme.com/) was used to design the primers. The RT-qPCR reaction was conducted as previously described (Vazyme, China) with 5s as the housekeeping gene. Three biological replicates and triplicate technical replicates for each breed were collected. All experimental data were analyzed by using equation 2^−ΔΔCt. The primer information is listed in Supplementary Table S1. The ANOVA program in SPSS version 19.0 was used for statistical analysis (Jin et al., 2020) and considered statistically significant at p-value < 0.05. GraphPad Prism software (San Diego, CA, United States) was used to draw plots.

The cells were extracted and 1 ml pre-cooling RIPA lysis buffer containing 1 mM PMSF was added to obtain the total protein, the concentration of which was measured with the bicinchonininc acid method (Beyotime, China). The proteins were separated on 10% SDS-PAGE (Epizyme, China) with 120 V for 90 min and transferred onto a PVDF membrane (Millipore, United States) at 350 mA for 40 min. The membrane was sealed for 5 min at room temperature with quick sealing fluid (Lablead, China) and washed thrice with TBST (Solarbio, China). The proteins were detected with rabbit monoclonal anti-β-tubulin (Proteintech, United States) and rabbit monoclonal BMP2(Proteintech, United States) and the secondary antibody (Proteintech, United States). The reaction band was developed by using enhanced chemiluminescence (Epizyme, China), and an image of the membrane was recorded with a JP-K600 imaging system (JiaPeng, China).

Results

DEG and DE miRNA Analysis

The BGISEQ-500 platform was used to conduct sequencing of six mRNA and miRNA libraries. Clean reads aligned on the sheep reference genome of Oar_v3.1. DESeq2 were used to analyze DEGs and DE miRNAs between fat-tailed and thin-tailed sheep. A total of 2,108 genes with the false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 0.01 and | Fragments per kilobase of exon per million reads mapped (FRKM)|≥1.5 were identified as DEGs, obtaining 1,247 upregulated genes and 861 downregulated genes in the two sheep breeds. There were 105 DE miRNAs, 43 of which were upregulated and 62 were downregulated, with FDR ≤ 0.01 and a |FRKM|≥1.5.

Culture and Identification of Preadipocytes

The embryonic day 70 tail adipose tissues were collected and primary preadipocytes were cultured in vitro by collagenase digestion. These were mostly arranged in a fusiform shape (Figures 1A,B). When the cells reached a certain point, they stopped growing with contact inhibition and began to differentiate, and small lipid droplets appeared in the cell and accumulated into larger droplets, indicating that the cells were able to differentiate (Figure 1C).

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. (A) Primary ovine preadipocytes (36 h). (B) Preadipocytes after three passages. (C) Adipocytes of oil red O staining.

Effect of Oar-miR-432 on Inducing Differentiation of Preadipocytes

The oar-miR-432 mimic and NC were transfected into preadipocytes with Opti-medium and then cultured with a new complete medium after 4–6 h. As contact inhibition was observed in the cells, the complete medium was replaced with the induction differentiation medium and cultured for 2 days, before culturing with the maintenance differentiation medium for further 2 days. The result indicated that the oar-miR-432 mimic in preadipocytes increased the expression level of oar-miR-432 on days 0, 2, and 4 (Figure 2). This result showed that the oar-miR-432 mimic was successfully transfected into the preadipocytes.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. Relative expression levels of oar-miR-432 when oar-miR-432 mimic and NC were transfected into sheep preadipocytes.

Potential Target Genes of Oar-miR-432 and Overlapped With DEGs

In these studies, oar-miR-432 (FPKM = -2.66, Q-value = 1.86E-05) was downregulated between Hu and Tibetan sheep by miRNA-seq. Based on this result, the potential target genes of oar-miR-432 were predicted by the RNAhybrid, miRanda, and TargetScan software, where 712 genes were targeted, 80 of which overlapped with DEGs. Therefore, GO analysis was performed on these genes with the GO term demonstrating that most genes in fat cell differentiation were regulated (Figures 3A,B). Specifically, BMP2 (FPKM = 1.80, Q-value = 7.32E-08), LEP (FPKM = 4.20, Q-value = 3.56E-20), GRK5 (FPKM = -1.97, Q-value = 7.40E-07), BMP7(FPKM = -3.54, Q-value = 5.93E-06), and RORC (FPKM = 3.55, Q-value = 1.98E-08) were enriched by the positive regulation of fat cell differentiation. Target genes of oar-miR-432 were overlapped in differentially regulated mRNAs. In previous studies, 43 genes associated with fat tail development were identified by Fst and hapFLK. The genes BMP2, HOXA11, and PPP1CC potentially play significant roles in fat tail formation, where BMP2 is the peak gene harbored in the largest region identified by hapFLK (Yuan et al., 2017). Selective scanning near the retrotransposition hotspot on chromosome 13 caused immobilization in domestic fat-tailed sheep and specifically affected the expression of BMP2 (Pan et al., 2019; Lu et al., 2020). Based on these results, BMP2 was selected for verification using the dual-luciferase reporter assay.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. (A) GO term for overlapped genes between DEGs and target genes of oar-miR-432. (B) GO term associated with fat deposition in the biological process group.

Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay to Verify Predicted Target Genes for Oar-miR-432

Based on these results, to verify whether oar-miR-432 targeted BMP2 directly, the 3′-UTR segment of BMP2 was cloned into the psiCHECK2 luciferase reporter construct, which also had the predicted oar-miR-432 target site, or mutated seed sites (Supplementary Figure S1). The HEK293T cells were co-transfected with the reporter constructs with either oar-miR-432 or BMP2 3′-UTR wild type. The result indicated that the oar-miR-432 mimic containing a wild-type 3′-UTR reduced the reporter construct activity, but there were no changes when the luciferase reporter assays contained mutations in the seed sequences. This result demonstrated directly that BMP2 was one of the target genes of oar-miR-432 directly (Figure 4).

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4. Dual-luciferase reporter assay to detect the predicted target gene BMP2 of oar-miR-432.

BMP2 and PPAR-γ Expressions Are Regulated by Oar-miR-432

The oar-miR-432 mimic was transfected into preadipocytes, and after induced differentiation increased, the mRNA levels of BMP2 were compared with those of NC at days 2 and 4 (Figure 5A). The results of Western blot analysis also suggested that the oar-miR-432 mimic induced an increase in BMP2 expression of protein levels at days 2 and 4 (Figure 5C). The result demonstrated that oar-miR-432 overexpression promoted the expression of BMP2 mRNA and protein. The expression level of the marker gene PPAR-γ was measured during adipogenesis, and oar-miR-432 resulted in downregulated expression levels after induction on days 0, 2, and 4, which was significantly lower than that of the NC at 2 days (p < 0.01) (Figure 5B).

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 5. Relative expression of BMP2 (A) and PPAR-γ (B). (C) Oar-miR-432 mimic regulated the protein level expression of BMP2. (D) Oil red O staining when oar-miR-432 mimic in sheep preadipocytes after the maintenance differentiation medium.

Sheep preadipocytes on day 4 were stained with oil red O. Many small lipid droplets were stained red, and lipid rings were visible. The number of lipids drops in the oar-miR-432 mimic group was lesser than that of the NC (Figure 5D), which showed that fat deposition in sheep tail was decreased by oar-miR-432 overexpression.

Discussion

Tail fat deposition in sheep has a complex genetic regulation mechanism, which is jointly determined by the environment and genes (Dong et al., 2020). In the summer and fall, the fat tail functions as stored energy, but during the cold winter and in harsh environments, it provides essential energy for sheep (Pan et al., 2019). In addition to the fat deposited in the skin and viscera of sheep like other mammals, the tail is also a major part of fat deposition, and like a camel’s hump, it can provide enough energy and heat for the body to grow in the harsh environment and during dry grass periods (Sbihi et al., 2013). Tail fat and its utilization is, therefore, an important part of fat metabolism research.

In this study, the relationship between BMP2 and oar-miR-432 was first studied in vitro. The result suggested that oar-miR-432 can target BMP2 directly. The oar-miR-432 mimic in preadipocytes led to the increased expression of BMP2 and the decreased expression of PPAR-γ. These results indicated that the effect of oar-miR-432 was to inhibit fat differentiation during preadipocyte differentiation but promote BMP2 expression. The regulatory mechanism of mRNA and miRNA in fat deposition remains poorly understood. Most studies merely identified important genes without subsequent validation in vitro or in vivo. For example, BMP2 and VRTN were identified as potential candidates associated with fat-tailed sheep (Moioli et al., 2015) and some genes such as BMP2, PDGFD, HOXA10, TBX12, and WDR92 were thought to be related to fat development in the fat-tailed sheep (Zhao et al., 2020). Genes such as CDS2, PROKRI, and BMP2 under selection sweep were shown to be associated with lipid accumulation, and these studies revealed that BMP2 was selected in the sheep tail associated with fat deposition (Baazaoui et al., 2021). The complex genetic factors associated with fat tail development still need further study, and the differences in fat deposition between Hu and Tibetan sheep is a valuable tool.

The effect of oar-miR-432 of ovine preadipocytes on the induced differentiation has not been reported previously. It has been shown that miR-432 inhibited milk fat synthesis in sheep mammary epithelial cells (Hao et al., 2021). During myoblast proliferation and differentiation, miR-432 was negatively regulated in pigs (Ma et al., 2017). The miR-432, also a regulator of IGF2, activates the related signaling pathway, and in bovine primary myoblasts, it combines with CircTTN to promote proliferation and differentiation (Wang et al., 2019). In Tibetan sheep, oar-miR-432 was expressed 2.66-times more than Hu sheep. When the oar-miR-432 mimic was transfected into preadipocytes and induced differentiation, PPAR-γ significantly decreased on day 2, which suggested that oar-miR-432 decreased fat deposition in sheep tails. In this study, the effect of oar-miR-432 in ovine preadipocytes was consistent with the miRNA-seq result that oar-miR-432 was downregulated in Hu sheep, which helped infer that miR-432 was an important negative regulator of fat deposition in sheep tails.

MiRNAs mainly repress gene expression by binding to mRNA (Chen et al., 2017), which form RNA-induced silencing complexes that lead to degradation or translation inhibition (Bushati and Cohen, 2007; Fabian et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2017; Stavast and Erkeland, 2019). However, after binding, some miRNAs were also found to directly promote the expression of genes (Ni and Leng, 2016; Chen et al., 2017), and mRNAs without caps and typical Poly (A) tails were more easily enhanced by miRNAs (Chen et al., 2017; Cui and Joo, 2019). It has been reported that the interaction between miRNA and mRNA is dynamic and the activation of miRNA-dependent mRNA translation depends on both conditional and cellular constraints (Ni and Leng, 2016). It was reported that under serum deprivation, miR-369 could switch from translation repression to activation (Buchan and Parker, 2007) and that miR-122, after combining with the sites in the 5′-UTR of HCV RNA, could positionally regulate the viral life cycle (Roberts et al., 2011). The specific induction of miR-1 during myogenesis allows it to efficiently enter the mitochondria, stimulating the translation of transcripts encoded by specific mitochondrial genomes (Zhang et al., 2014). During desiccation, Cgi-miR-365 combined with the 3′-UTR of CgHSP90AAl to promote CgHSP90AAl expression directly (Chen et al., 2017). Based on previous studies, miRNAs promoted the expression of genes, but the detailed mechanism is still largely unknown.

Conclusion

In this study, the interaction between oar-miR-432 and BMP2 was verified in vitro. Oar-miR-432 inhibits fat differentiation and promotes the expression of the target gene BMP2 in ovine preadipocytes. The present results failed to demonstrate the exact mechanism of how the expression of BMP2 was promoted by oar-miR-432. It was speculated that the BMP2 mRNA was protected by oar-miR-432 from degradation, which might be vital in sheep fat-deposition metabolism. These results provide added information to help understand the miRNA-mediated adaptation mechanism in controlling sheep tail fat deposition.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, PRJNA792697 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, PRJNA777369.

Ethics Statement

All experimental procedures involving sheep were approved and carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines set by the Ethics Committee of Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (No: IAS-2020-82).

Author Contributions

MJ and CW developed the study concept, design, and data interpretation. XF, TL, and ZL worked on data acquisition and analysis. MJ and CW worked on the experiment and manuscript writing. MC, RD, XH, XW, and ZY worked on preparation and manuscript editing, YW, KQ, and HW collected resources. All authors have read and approved the submitted version.

Funding

This research was supported by the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-38).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2022.844747/full#supplementary-material

References

Agarwal, V., Bell, G. W., Nam, J.-W., and Bartel, D. P. (2015). Predicting Effective microRNA Target Sites in Mammalian mRNAs. Elife 4, e05005. doi:10.7554/eLife.05005

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Baazaoui, I., Bedhiaf-Romdhani, S., Mastrangelo, S., and Ciani, E. (2021). Genome-wide Analyses Reveal Population Structure and Identify Candidate Genes Associated with Tail Fatness in Local Sheep from a Semi-arid Area. Animal 15 (4), 100193. doi:10.1016/j.animal.2021.100193

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bakhtiarizadeh, M. R., and Salami, S. A. (2019). Identification and Expression Analysis of Long Noncoding RNAs in Fat-Tail of Sheep Breeds. G3 (Bethesda) 9 (4), 1263–1276. doi:10.1534/g3.118.201014

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bakhtiarizadeh, M. R., Salehi, A., Alamouti, A. A., Abdollahi-Arpanahi, R., and Salami, S. A. (2019). Deep Transcriptome Analysis Using RNA-Seq Suggests Novel Insights into Molecular Aspects of Fat-Tail Metabolism in Sheep. Sci. Rep. 9 (1), 9203. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45665-3

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bartel, D. P. (2009). MicroRNAs: Target Recognition and Regulatory Functions. Cell 136 (2), 215–233. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.002

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Buchan, J. R., and Parker, R. (2007). The Two Faces of miRNA. Science 318 (5858), 1877–1878. doi:10.1126/science.1152623

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bushati, N., and Cohen, S. M. (2007). microRNA Functions. Annu. Rev. Cel Dev. Biol. 23, 175–205. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.23.090506.123406

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Chen, H., Xin, L., Song, X., Wang, L., Wang, W., Liu, Z., et al. (2017). A Norepinephrine-Responsive miRNA Directly Promotes CgHSP90AA1 Expression in Oyster Haemocytes during Desiccation. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 64, 297–307. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.020

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Chen, G.-Y., Zhang, S., Li, C.-H., Qi, C.-C., Wang, Y.-Z., Chen, J.-Y., et al. (2020). Mediator Med23 Regulates Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Front. Cel Dev. Biol. 8, 699. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00699

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cui, T. J., and Joo, C. (2019). Facilitated Diffusion of Argonaute-Mediated Target Search. RNA Biol. 16 (9), 1093–1107. doi:10.1080/15476286.2019.1616353

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Dong, K., Yang, M., Han, J., Ma, Q., Han, J., Song, Z., et al. (2020). Genomic Analysis of Worldwide Sheep Breeds Reveals PDGFD as a Major Target of Fat-Tail Selection in Sheep. BMC Genomics 21 (1), 800. doi:10.1186/s12864-020-07210-9

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fabian, M. R., Sonenberg, N., and Filipowicz, W. (2010). Regulation of mRNA Translation and Stability by microRNAs. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 79, 351–379. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060308-103103

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ge, G., Yang, D., Tan, Y., Chen, Y., Jiang, D., Jiang, A., et al. (2019). miR-10b-5p Regulates C2C12 Myoblasts Proliferation and Differentiation. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 83 (2), 291–299. doi:10.1080/09168451.2018.1533805

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hao, Z., Luo, Y., Wang, J., Hickford, J. G. H., Zhou, H., Hu, J., et al. (2021). MicroRNA-432 Inhibits Milk Fat Synthesis by Targeting SCD and LPL in Ovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Food Funct. 12 (19), 9432–9442. doi:10.1039/d1fo01260f

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Jin, M., Lu, J., Fei, X., Lu, Z., Quan, K., Liu, Y., et al. (2020). Selection Signatures Analysis Reveals Genes Associated with High-Altitude Adaptation in Tibetan Goats from Nagqu, Tibet. Animals 10 (9), 1599. doi:10.3390/ani10091599

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

John, B., Enright, A. J., Aravin, A., Tuschl, T., Sander, C., and Marks, D. S. (2004). Human MicroRNA Targets. Plos Biol. 2 (11), e363. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020363

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Krol, J., Loedige, I., and Filipowicz, W. (2010). The Widespread Regulation of microRNA Biogenesis, Function and Decay. Nat. Rev. Genet. 11 (9), 597–610. doi:10.1038/nrg2843

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Krüger, J., and Rehmsmeier, M. (2006). RNAhybrid: microRNA Target Prediction Easy, Fast and Flexible. Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (Web Server issue), W451–W454. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl243

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lawson Handley, L.-J., Byrne, K., Santucci, F., Townsend, S., Taylor, M., Bruford, M. W., et al. (2007). Genetic Structure of European Sheep Breeds. Heredity 99 (6), 620–631. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6801039

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Li, Q., Lu, Z., Jin, M., Fei, X., Quan, K., Liu, Y., et al. (2020). Verification and Analysis of Sheep Tail Type-Associated PDGF-D Gene Polymorphisms. Animals 10 (1), 89. doi:10.3390/ani10010089

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lu, Z., Liu, J., Han, J., and Yang, B. (2020). Association between BMP2 Functional Polymorphisms and Sheep Tail Type. Animals 10 (4), 739. doi:10.3390/ani10040739

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lv, F.-H., Peng, W.-F., Yang, J., Zhao, Y.-X., Li, W.-R., Liu, M.-J., et al. (2015). Mitogenomic Meta-Analysis Identifies Two Phases of Migration in the History of Eastern Eurasian Sheep. Mol. Biol. Evol. 32 (10), 2515–2533. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv139

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ma, M., Wang, X., Chen, X., Cai, R., Chen, F., Dong, W., et al. (2017). MicroRNA-432 Targeting E2F3 and P55PIK Inhibits Myogenesis through PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. RNA Biol. 14 (3), 347–360. doi:10.1080/15476286.2017.1279786

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mastrangelo, S., Bahbahani, H., Moioli, B., Ahbara, A., Al Abri, M., Almathen, F., et al. (2019). Novel and Known Signals of Selection for Fat Deposition in Domestic Sheep Breeds from Africa and Eurasia. PLoS One 14 (6), e0209632. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209632

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Moioli, B., Pilla, F., and Ciani, E. (2015). Signatures of Selection Identify Loci Associated with Fat Tail in Sheep1. J. Anim. Sci. 93 (10), 4660–4669. doi:10.2527/jas.2015-9389

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mwacharo, J. M., Kim, E.-S., Elbeltagy, A. R., Aboul-Naga, A. M., Rischkowsky, B. A., and Rothschild, M. F. (2017). Genomic Footprints of Dryland Stress Adaptation in Egyptian Fat-Tail Sheep and Their Divergence from East African and Western Asia Cohorts. Sci. Rep. 7 (1), 17647. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17775-3

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Naval-Sanchez, M., Nguyen, Q., McWilliam, S., Porto-Neto, L. R., Tellam, R., Vuocolo, T., et al. (2018). Sheep Genome Functional Annotation Reveals Proximal Regulatory Elements Contributed to the Evolution of Modern Breeds. Nat. Commun. 9 (1), 859. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02809-1

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ni, W.-J., and Leng, X.-M. (2016). miRNA-Dependent Activation of mRNA Translation. Mirna 5 (2), 83–86. doi:10.2174/2211536605666160825151201

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pan, Z., Li, S., Liu, Q., Wang, Z., Zhou, Z., Di, R., et al. (2019). Rapid Evolution of a Retro-Transposable Hotspot of Ovine Genome Underlies the Alteration of BMP2 Expression and Development of Fat Tails. BMC Genomics 20 (1), 261. doi:10.1186/s12864-019-5620-6

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Roberts, A. P. E., Lewis, A. P., and Jopling, C. L. (2011). miR-122 Activates Hepatitis C Virus Translation by a Specialized Mechanism Requiring Particular RNA Components. Nucleic Acids Res. 39 (17), 7716–7729. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr426

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sbihi, H. M., Nehdi, I. A., and Al-Resayes, S. I. (2013). Characterization of Hachi (Camelus dromedarius) Fat Extracted from the Hump. Food Chem. 139 (1-4), 649–654. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.118

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Stavast, C., and Erkeland, S. (2019). The Non-canonical Aspects of MicroRNAs: Many Roads to Gene Regulation. Cells 8 (11), 1465. doi:10.3390/cells8111465

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Trajkovski, M., Ahmed, K., Esau, C. C., and Stoffel, M. (2012). MyomiR-133 Regulates Brown Fat Differentiation through Prdm16. Nat. Cel Biol. 14 (12), 1330–1335. doi:10.1038/ncb2612

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wang, X., Cao, X., Dong, D., Shen, X., Cheng, J., Jiang, R., et al. (2019). Circular RNA TTN Acts as a miR-432 Sponge to Facilitate Proliferation and Differentiation of Myoblasts via the IGF2/PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids 18, 966–980. doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2019.10.019

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Yuan, Z., Liu, E., Liu, Z., Kijas, J. W., Zhu, C., Hu, S., et al. (2017). Selection Signature Analysis Reveals Genes Associated with Tail Type in Chinese Indigenous Sheep. Anim. Genet. 48 (1), 55–66. doi:10.1111/age.12477

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhang, X., Zuo, X., Yang, B., Li, Z., Xue, Y., Zhou, Y., et al. (2014). MicroRNA Directly Enhances Mitochondrial Translation during Muscle Differentiation. Cell 158 (3), 607–619. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.047

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhao, F., Deng, T., Shi, L., Wang, W., Zhang, Q., Du, L., et al. (2020). Genomic Scan for Selection Signature Reveals Fat Deposition in Chinese Indigenous Sheep with Extreme Tail Types. Animals 10 (5), 773. doi:10.3390/ani10050773

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar