Guilhian Leipnitz
Grant M. Hatch
Al-Walid Mohsen
Ronald J. A. Wanders- 1Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences, Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- 3Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- 4Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments Pediatrics, Emma Children Hospital and Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Editorial on the Research Topic
Mitochondrial Disorders: Biochemical and Molecular Basis of Disease
Mitochondria are dynamic, double-membrane organelles that play an essential function in cellular energy metabolism, in which the citric acid cycle, fatty acid β-oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation act in concert to generate most of the ATP in cells. However, in the last few decades, mitochondria have been reported to execute and regulate many other functions, including ATP production, metabolism of amino acids, lipids and nucleotides, iron-sulfur cluster synthesis, calcium homeostasis, and programmed cell death. Healthy mitochondria take up calcium not only to regulate their own intrinsic metabolism and stimulate the production of ATP, but also to buffer cytosolic calcium rises that occur during normal cell functioning (Dard et al., 2020). However, calcium influx beyond the buffering capacity of mitochondria, as well as reactive oxygen overproduction, trigger mitochondrial permeability transition that may cause apoptosis (Vercesi et al., 2018).
For maintenance of normal mitochondrial functionality, this organelle depends on a delicate balance between fission and fusion (mitochondrial dynamics). The fusion and fission cycle consists, respectively, of the formation of an elongated organelle by fusing two or more mitochondria and by the division of one mitochondrion into two daughter mitochondria (Tilokani et al., 2018). While mitofusins 1 and 2 and optic atrophy 1 protein mediate fusion of the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane, correspondingly, dynamin-related protein 1 is considered a crucial player in the fission process, forming oligomers around mitochondria to constrict them (Tilokani et al., 2018).
The pivotal role of mitochondria for cellular survival is highlighted by the variety of diseases that are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. In this sense, mitochondrial inherited genetic disorders, which may be caused either by mutations in nuclear genes or mitochondrial DNA encoding mitochondrial proteins, usually affect multiple tissues, typically those which are highly dependent on aerobic metabolism (Gorman et al., 2016; Ferreira and van Karnebeek, 2019; Wajner, 2019). While primary defects are characterized by disturbances in oxidative phosphorylation and other energy generating pathways, secondary mitochondrial diseases result from the toxic influences of endogenous metabolites to the mitochondria and/or cell physiology in general. In this topic “Mitochondrial Disorders: Biochemical and Molecular Basis of Disease”, we provide a collection of nine articles covering diverse aspects of primary and secondary mitochondrial disorders.
The pathophysiology of mitochondrial disorders is the main theme of two articles. Amaral and Wajner review the toxic effects of fatty acids accumulating in fatty acid oxidation disorders causing impairment of mitochondrial bioenergetics and calcium homeostasis and inducing permeability transition pore opening. The group of Dr. Schwarz (Mellis et al.) shows alterations of mitochondrial dynamics in embryonic fibroblasts prepared from Suox−/− mice (isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency model) and fibroblasts from patients with molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MOCS1A, MOCCS1B, MOCS2, and GPHN genes), indicating that disturbances in the mitochondrial network are involved in the pathophysiology of these disorders.
The elucidation of the reaction mechanism of mitochondrial enzymes may help to understand the biochemical abnormalities associated with mitochondrial disorders. In this regard, the article by Leung et al. provides evidence that glycine cleavage system H protein (GCSH) has an additional role beyond being a component of the glycine cleavage system, a protein complex that decarboxylates glycine. The study demonstrates that loss of GCSH causes embryonic death of homozygous Gcsh null mice, unlike animals with a deficiency of the other proteins belonging to the glycine cleavage system, which are compatible with embryonic survival. Furthermore, Cronan reviews the reaction mechanism of lipoic acid metabolism enzymes with the aim to better understand the biochemistry and physiology of mitochondrial disorders that affect the assembly of this coenzyme on its cognate enzyme proteins.
In addition, different models for mitochondrial disease research are reviewed by the group of Dr. Sánchez-Alcázar (Povea-Cabello et al.), with emphasis on direct cellular reprogramming. Another article by Schlieben and Prokisch (2020) gives an overview of the mitochondrial disease associated genes, with focus on the classification of these disorders according to the functional roles of deficient proteins, with implications for diagnosis. This topic also includes a perspective article on the outcome of triheptanoin in treating long chain fatty acid oxidation disorders, with special emphasis on the cardiomyopathy and hypoglycemia observed in affected patients (Sklirou et al.).
Finally, two articles present case reports of primary mitochondrial disorders. Kušíková et al. (2021) give a brief review on the mitochondrial disorder caused by mutations in VARS2, which encodes the mitochondrial valyl-tRNA synthetase, and presents a patient with a new missense biallelic variant leading to a novel phenotypic presentation. Moreover, (Yan et al.) report the first three Chinese cases of combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 23 (COXPD23), which is caused by mutations in GTPBP3, as well as genotype-phenotype correlations of these patients.
In conclusion, this topic provides a valuable collection of articles revealing important aspects of the genetic and biochemical basis and pathophysiology of mitochondrial disorders. While most articles emphasize bioenergetic dysfunction as a fundamental mechanism in mitochondrial disorders, this topic also explores the involvement of other mitochondrial functions and processes that are impaired in these pathologies, such as calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dynamics, and permeability transition. We hope that the articles presented here stimulate future studies not only focused on the expansion of current knowledge but also on the development of novel adjuvant therapeutic strategies with the aim to provide new treatment options and/or to prevent these devastating conditions.
Author Contributions
GL, GMH, A-WM, and RW wrote and reviewed the editorial.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Acknowledgments
The guest editors wish to thank all the authors and reviewers for their valuable contributions to this Research Topic.
References
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Ferreira, C. R., and van Karnebeek, C. D. M. (2019). Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Handb Clin. Neurol. 162, 449–481. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-64029-1.00022-9
Gorman, G. S., Chinnery, P. F., DiMauro, S., Hirano, M., Koga, Y., McFarland, R., et al. (2016). Mitochondrial Diseases. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers. 2, 16080. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.80
Kušíková, K., Feichtinger, R. G., Csillag, B., Kalev, O. K., Weis, S., Duba, H. C., et al. (2021). Case Report and Review of the Literature: A New and a Recurrent Variant in the VARS2 Gene Are Associated With Isolated Lethal Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Hyperlactatemia, and Pulmonary Hypertension in Early. Infancy. Front. Pediatr. 9, 660076. doi:10.3389/fped.2021.660076
Schlieben, L. D., and Prokisch, H. (2020). The Dimensions of Primary Mitochondrial Disorders. Front. Cell. Dev. Biol. 8, 600079. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.600079
Tilokani, L., Nagashima, S., Paupe, V., and Prudent, J. (2018). Mitochondrial Dynamics: Overview of Molecular Mechanisms. Essays Biochem. 62 (3), 341–360. doi:10.1042/EBC20170104
Vercesi, A. E., Castilho, R. F., Kowaltowski, A. J., de Oliveira, H. C. F., de Souza-Pinto, N. C., Figueira, T. R., et al. (2018). Mitochondrial Calcium Transport and the Redox Nature of the Calcium-Induced Membrane Permeability Transition. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 129, 1–24. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.034
Keywords: mitochondrial disorders, case report, treatment, pathophysiology, reaction mechanism
Citation: Leipnitz G, Hatch GM, Mohsen A-W and Wanders RJA (2021) Editorial: Mitochondrial Disorders: Biochemical and Molecular Basis of Disease. Front. Genet. 12:769770. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.769770
Received: 02 September 2021; Accepted: 26 October 2021;
Published: 19 November 2021.
Edited and reviewed by:
Erica E. Davis, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, United StatesCopyright © 2021 Leipnitz, Hatch, Mohsen and Wanders. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Guilhian Leipnitz, guilhian@ufrgs.br