Jie-Yuan Jin1,2†
Liang-Liang Fan- 1School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- 2Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- 3CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- 4Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- 5Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by episodic flaccid paralysis with concomitant hypokalemia. More than half of patients were associated with mutations in CACNA1S that encodes the alpha-1-subunit of the skeletal muscle L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel. Mutations in CACNA1S may alter the structure of CACNA1S and affect the functions of calcium channels, which damages Ca2+-mediated excitation-contraction coupling. In this research, we identified and described a Chinese HypoPP patient with a novel frameshift mutation in CACNA1S [NM_000069.2: c.1364delA (p.Asn455fs)] by targeted sequencing. This study would expand the spectrum of CACNA1S mutations, further our understanding of HypoPP, and provided a new perspective for selecting effective treatments.
Introduction
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) is a rare neuromuscular disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1/100,000 (Hirano et al., 2011). HypoPP, hyperkalemic paralysis (HyperPP) and Andersen-Tawil syndrome (ATS) constitute the dominant types of primary periodic paralysis (PPs) (Statland et al., 2018). Its most prominent characteristic is partial or systemic episodic severe muscle weakness occurring in association with hypokalemia (<3.5 mEq/L). The occurrence of the first attack is usually within the first or second decade, and every attack can last from hours to days (Houinato et al., 2007). Generally, it is triggered by the before rest after vigorous exercise, carbohydrate-rich diets, and exposure to heat or cold. The degree of paralysis is variable, patients usually present with paralysis in the proximal muscle groups of the limbs. Under worse conditions, some may die of respiratory paralysis or arrhythmia (Alhasan et al., 2019).
HypoPP follows an autosomal dominant pattern with incomplete penetrance, especially in women (Hirano et al., 2011). Molecular genetic analyses have revealed that it is caused by mutations in CACNA1S and SCN4A. In other PPs types, ATS is associated with KCNJ2 defects, and HyperPP is due to gain-of-function SCN4A mutations (Krych et al., 2017; Tan et al., 2020). Other rare genes (such as KCNJ5 and ATP2A1) have been reported to be linked with PPs (Shull et al., 2003; Arzel-Hezode et al., 2009). Up to 80% of HypoPP cases are attributed to CACNA1S mutations (Ke et al., 2013). CACNA1S is located on chromosomes 1q31–q32 encoding the α-subunit of skeletal muscle voltage-gated calcium channel (Cav1.1) (Ke et al., 2009). CACNA1S is primarily distributed in the membrane of the transverse tubular system and is involved in Ca2+-mediated excitation-contraction coupling (Kil and Kim, 2010). CACNA1S mutations may break the balance of electric potential. In fact, gating pore currents alteration is a widely accepted mechanism to explain the occurrence of HypoPP in most Cav1.1 mutation cases (Wu et al., 2012).
In this study, we reported a Chinese family with HypoPP. A novel frameshift mutation c.1364delA (p.Asn455fs) in CACNA1S is responsible for the disease in this family. This study would expand the spectrum of CACNA1S mutations, further our understanding of HypoPP, and provide a new perspective for selecting effective treatments.
Materials and Methods
Patients and Subjects
The study participants were enrolled in Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University. This study was approved by the Review Board of Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University. Written informed consent was obtained from the proband and his guardian. Detailed records of family medical history, physical examinations, and presentations and features including blood biochemistry, blood gas analysis, thyroid function, and routine urine examination were obtained from the proband to exclude other causes of hypokalemia.
Deoxy-ribo Nucleic Acid Extraction
Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of the proband and his family using the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, United States).
Targeted Sequencing
Targeted sequencing was performed in the proband. A panel of 143 common nuclear genes (Supplementary Table S1), including known endocrine system genetic diseases-related genes, was captured by the SureSelectXT2 Target Enrichment System (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, United States) according to reported methods. After enrichment, libraries were sequenced using a HiSeq X-10 system (Illumina, San Diego, CA, United States). All variants were analyzed using the SureCall software (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, United States). Variants with a mean coverage of ≥100 were taken into consideration. After filtering the common variants (frequency ≥0.01) based on the 1,000 Genomes Project database (1,000G; https://www.genome.gov/27528684/1000-genomes-project/) and the Genome Aggregation Database (GnomAD; http://gnomad.broadinstitule.org), unique single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in the subject. These variants were predicted using bioinformatics programs including MutationTaster (http://www.mutationtaster.org/), Polyphen-2 (http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/pph2/), and SIFT (http://provean.jcvi.org/index.php). Gene function, inheritance pattern, clinical phenotype, and pathogenicity were annotated according to the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM; https://www.omim.org) and American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) classification (Richards et al., 2015).
Co-Segregation Analysis
Primer pairs (CACNA1S f: 5′-CTACGCATGCCTGGAGTTT-3’; r: 3′-TGGTGCCATTGGCTGATT-5′) were designed by Integrated DNA Technologies (https://sg.idtdna.com/pages). The target fragment was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and analyzed using the ABI 3100 Genetic Analyzer (ABI, Foster City, CA, United States).
Results
Case Description
A 12-year-old boy (II-1) was admitted to our hospital complaining of weakness in both lower limbs after falling from a height of two steps after school on September 2, 2020. During this episode, the symptoms exacerbated when he was climbing stairs. The proband could walk independently on flat ground at a slow pace after getting up in the morning but was unable to walk without support later. The electrolyte test indicated that the serum potassium level was 2.43 mmol/L (normal range, 3.5–5.5 mmol/L). During the attack of weakness, he exhibited the absent of the tendon reflexes, without interictal opthalmoplegia or facial weakness. At this point, based on Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), his baseline strength of right and left lower extremity were grade 1/0, while upper limbs were grade 4/4-.
Other vital signs and parameters, including thyroid function, calcium and magnesium levels, urinary electrolytes, aldosterone, and plasma renin activity, were all within normal ranges. However, levels of insulin (INS; 179.70 pmol/L), creatine kinase (CK; 336.0 U/L) and lactate (LAC; 2.29 mmol/L) were found to were mildly elevated. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging scan (MR) and adrenal computed tomography scan (CT) showed no abnormalities, no loss of potassium in the digestive tract and skin, and no manifestations of renal tubular acidosis, aldosterone/renin, and thyroid function disorders.
Based on clinical presentations and features, physical inspection, and blood potassium level, the patient was diagnosed with possible HypoPP and was administered an oral and intravenous infusion of potassium supplementation in combination with potassium-preserving diuretic (spironolactone). The treatment alleviated his symptoms (baseline strength of lower limbs becoming grade 5/4+) and restored his potassium level. The phenotypes, treatments, biochemical data, and real-time data on serum potassium levels were outlined in Tables 1, 2. After 10 days of treatment, the patient was discharged with normal baseline strength of limbs. However, the individual reappeared with similar symptoms a month later.
TABLE 1. Laboratory data on the first admission.
TABLE 2. Change in serum potassium values over time.
Tracing back the family history of the proband, his mother was once investigated for an episode described as generalised fiatuge. Her acetylcholine receptor antibody test was negative and her serum potassium was normal. Electrophysiology was not performed. The proband’s father was unaffected by paralytic clinical signs in their lifetime. Besides, there was no history of other genetic or infectious diseases in his family (Figure 1A).
FIGURE 1. The pedigree of the Chinese family with HypoPP and the result of Sanger sequencing. (A), The pedigree of the Chinese family. The black box represents the HypoPP individual; the black point represents the myasthenic phenotype. (B), Analysis of the DNA sequence. Electropherograms show the sequence encompassing the heterozygous frameshift mutation c.1364delA (p.Asn455fs) in CACNA1S in the proband (II-1) and his mother (I-2).
Identification of a Novel CACNA1S Mutation Associated With HypoPP
As we reasoned that the proband had been affected by HypoPP based on clinical features and laboratory data, genetic testing of genes related to diseases of the endocrine system genetic diseases was subsequently performed. Using high-throughput sequencing technology, 139 common nuclear genes were examined and the point mutations and CNVs of nuclear genes were filtered. We detected a variant in CACNA1S [NM_000069.2: c.1364delA (p.Asn455fs)], which was absent from 1,000G and GnomAD, and predicted to be damaging by MutationTaster, Polyphen-2, and SIFT. Therefore, we suspected that the variant was responsible for HypoPP in this proband.
Sanger sequencing revealed that the proband (II-1) harbored the CACNA1S variant which was inherited from his mother (I-2) (Figure 1B). This variant is predicted to cause the frameshift from amino acid 455 of CACNA1S, leading to premature termination of translation and impairment of its function. According to the ACMG guidelines with the following evidence: PVS1, PM2, PM4, PP1, PP4, and PP5, the CACNA1S variant was classified as “likely pathogenic”. In line with this, we considered that CACNA1S is to be the genetic etiology in the family.
Discussion
The individual (II-1) in this study fulfilled to the supportive diagnostic criteria for HypoPP (listed in the Supplementary Table S2) (Neame et al., 2017; Statland et al., 2018). The patient had normal intrauterine development and birth, and his mother said with certainty that he was able to participate in sport normally like other peers in the early development. However, the first attack occurred in the second decade of life and was associated with a low serum potassium level (<3.5 mEq/L). The patient showed considerable improvement after potassium intake. Also, there were no other causes of hypokalemia, such as renal, adrenal, or thyroid dysfunction. Clinical myotonia, which is more in Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis but not usually present in HypoPP, was also not observed in the boy (Jurkat-Rott et al., 2000). We also found that the serum CK level is slightly increased. In recent reports, some patients with HypoPP also revealed an uncommon condition of sustained elevation of CK. The elevation of CK was considered an asymptomatic sign of myopathy, which might indirectly explain the phenomenon of muscle weakness (Kurokawa et al., 2020).
The diagnosis of HypoPP can be confirmed by genetic testing after clinical investigations. In this study, we identified a novel heterozygous mutation, c.1364delA (p.Asn455fs), in CACNA1S in the proband by targeted sequencing. CACNA1S is one of the disease-causing genes involved in HypoPP. HypoPP is an autosomal dominant disorder that shows incomplete penetrance in women (Yang et al., 2015). According to the genetic testing results, the mutation was identified in the mother (I-2), who had an attack of muscle weakness without evident hypokalemia, this may be attributed to the reduced penetrance in female carriers. Several HypoPP mutations, including the CACNA1S Arg528His, Arg900Ser, and SCN4A Arg672Cys, have been reported to be incomplete-penetrance in women (Kawamura et al., 2004; Kim et al., 2004; Ke et al., 2009; Ke et al., 2015). Skeletal muscle is an amazingly plastic tissue, capable of compensating lesser functional aberrations. Sex hormones act as ion channel regulators with genomic and non-genomic patterns. The differential effects of sex hormones on ion channels may be a factor underlying the variation in penetrance of HypoPP but no study verifies it (Ke et al., 2013). For further determining that CACNA1S was the genetic etiology of the family, we excluded other periodic paralysis causing genes and myopathy-related genes.
Since a high-throughput sequencing approach greatly improves the genetic diagnosis of diseases at the individual or population level, several CACNA1S missense mutations have been validated in HypoPP families. Many mutations are substitutions of the positively-charged arginine (R) in S4 within a voltage sensor domain by a non-charged residue. However, no frameshift mutation has been reported to be associated with HypoPP. Only a handful of nonsense, frameshift, or splice-site mutations was found in congenital myopathy families (Hunter et al., 2015; Schartner et al., 2017; Kubota et al., 2020). We may detect the first alone frameshift mutation of CACNA1S in HypoPP cases without congenital myopathy phenotype, which may contribute to further understanding the genetic etiology of this disease.
The Cav1.1 complex consists of the pore-forming subunit α1 and auxiliary subunits α2δ, β, and γ. The auxiliary subunit β binds to the cytoplasmic loop between repeats I and II of the α1 subunit to modulate membrane trafficking and kinetic properties of the Cav1.1 complex (Flucher, 2020). Other membrane-targeting signals have also been defined in the C-terminus region of the α1 subunit, but they are unable to drive the III-IV domain to the cell surface adequately in the absence of the I-II fragment (Flucher et al., 2000; Proenza et al., 2000). The pore-forming subunit α1 interacts with the Ca2+ release channel (ryanodine receptor; RyR1) by the loop between domains II and III, and the S4 segment of each transmembrane domain acts as a voltage sensing domain (VSD) for the calcium channel. Upon depolarization, S4 segment translocates through a “gating pore” pathway formed by S1-3 segments Li et al. (2012). Activation of the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) induces the opening of RyR1 and the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores, subsequently triggering muscle contraction (Block et al., 1988). Changes in the structure may alter the calcium current amplitude or density. HypoPP mutations are gathered in the S4 VSD and have been found in VSDs of I to IV, and CACNA1S mutation p.Asn455fs damaged these domains.
The mechanism by which truncated Ca2+ channel proteins may affect muscle function remains unclear. Ahern et al. (2001a) established the following facts: 1) A truncated channel derived from a frameshift mutation may not be functional because it would not traffic to the membrane; or 2) In the condition that another starting codon is present near the frameshift, it may be able to traffic to the membrane. For instance, a frame-shift mutant (fs-alpha1S) expressed the N-terminal half of alpha1S (M1 to L670) and the C-terminal half starting at M701 which was generated by an unexpected restart of translation of the fs-alpha1S message at M701 (Ahern et al., 2001a; Ahern et al., 2001b). Their study further mentioned that the frameshift mutant with deleted residues (Thr671-Leu690) in the cytosolic loop between repeats II and III of α1S expressed the N-terminal half (α1S 1–670) and the C-terminal half (α1S 701–1873) separately. Co-expression of the two fragments resulted in complete recovery of intramembrane charge movement across the DHPR and voltage-induced Ca2+ transients in dysgenic myotubes (Ahern et al., 2001b). In our case, the 455Leu residue in exon 10 was located within the domain II S1-2 linker of CACNA1S. The c.1364delA mutation is predicted to cause a frameshift from amino acid 455 of CACNA1S, leading to premature termination of translation (Schartner et al., 2017). Whether re-initiation of translation after a stop signal would apply here is uncertain. Furthermore, premature stop codons may trigger a non-sense-mediated mRNA decay leading to a reduction of CACNA1S. However, we have not yet clarified its biological function and further studies need to be performed.
Conclusion
In summary, we identified a novel heterozygous mutation, c.1364delA (p.Asn455fs), in CACNA1S in a Chinese family with HypoPP. The discovery of this novel mutation would not only enrich the genetic map of HypoPP but also assist in studying the pathogenesis and genetic mechanisms of the disease, providing a new perspective for prevention and treatment.
Data Availability Statement
The data presented in the study are deposited in the (BioSample) repository, accession number: PRJNA771220, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/PRJNA771220.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Review Board of Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s), and minor(s) legal guardian/next of kin, for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author Contributions
L-BZ collected and provided clinical information. J-YJ, YD, and YS carried out whole exome sequencing and data analysis. B-BG and L-LF designed experiments and wrote the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82000427), Natural Science Foundation of Hunan province (2020JJ5785), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Hunan Province (CX20190104).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Acknowledgments
We thank the patients and their family members for their participation in this study and all patient advisers for their assistance in clinical examination and blood specimen collection.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.743184/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: CACNA1S, hypokalaemic periodic paralysis, frameshift mutation, calcium channels, targeted sequencing
Citation: Jin J-Y, Guo B-B, Dong Y, Sheng Y, Fan L-L and Zhang L-B (2021) Case Report: A Novel CACNA1S Mutation Associated With Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis in a Chinese Family. Front. Genet. 12:743184. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.743184
Received: 17 July 2021; Accepted: 12 October 2021;
Published: 29 October 2021.
Edited by:
Sheyu Li, Sichuan University West China Hospital, ChinaReviewed by:
Domenico Tricarico, University of Bari Aldo Moro, ItalyYuan Wu, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, China
Xiao Zhu, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, China
Karen Joan Suetterlin, University College London, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2021 Jin, Guo, Dong, Sheng, Fan and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Liang-Liang Fan, c3dmYW5saWFuZ2xpYW5nQGNzdS5lZHUuY24=; Li-Bing Zhang, Z29sZGZseTAwQDE2My5jb20=
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship