AUTHOR=de Fallois Jonathan , Schönauer Ria , Münch Johannes , Nagel Mato , Popp Bernt , Halbritter Jan 

TITLE=Challenging Disease Ontology by Instances of Atypical PKHD1 and PKD1 Genetics

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Genetics

VOLUME=12

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/genetics/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.682565

DOI=10.3389/fgene.2021.682565

ISSN=1664-8021

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Background</title><p>Autosomal polycystic kidney disease is distinguished into dominant (ADPKD) and recessive (ARPKD) inheritance usually caused by either monoallelic (<italic>PKD1</italic>/<italic>PKD2</italic>) or biallelic (<italic>PKHD1</italic>) germline variation. Clinical presentations are genotype-dependent ranging from fetal demise to mild chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adults. Additionally, exemptions from dominant and recessive inheritance have been reported in both disorders resulting in respective phenocopies. Here, we comparatively report three young adults with microcystic-hyperechogenic kidney morphology based on unexpected genetic alterations beyond typical inheritance.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based gene panel analysis and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) of PKD-associated genes, familial segregation analysis, and reverse phenotyping.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Three unrelated individuals presented in late adolescence for differential diagnosis of incidental microcystic-hyperechogenic kidneys with preserved kidney and liver function. Upon genetic analysis, we identified a homozygous hypomorphic <italic>PKHD1</italic> missense variant causing pseudodominant inheritance in a family, a large monoallelic <italic>PKDH1</italic>-deletion with atypical transmission, and biallelic <italic>PKD1</italic> missense hypomorphs with recessive inheritance.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>By this report, we illustrate clinical presentations associated with atypical PKD-gene alterations beyond traditional modes of inheritance. Large monoallelic <italic>PKHD1</italic>-alterations as well as biallelic hypomorphs of both <italic>PKD1</italic> and <italic>PKHD1</italic> may lead to mild CKD in the absence of prominent macrocyst formation and functional liver impairment. The long-term renal prognosis throughout life, however, remains undetermined. Increased detection of atypical inheritance challenges our current thinking of disease ontology not only in PKD but also in Mendelian disorders in general.</p></sec>