Functional Analysis of a Novel CLN5 Mutation Identified in a Patient With Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of autosomal recessive inherited neurodegenerative disorders mainly affecting children, and at least 13 causative genes (CLN1 to CLN8 and CLN10 to CLN14) have been identified. Here, we reported a novel homozygous missense mutation (c.434G > C, p.Arg145Pro) identified in CLN5 gene via whole exome sequencing in a 5-year-old girl. The patient first presented paroxysmal epilepsy associated with vomiting, followed by progressive regression in walking, vision, intelligence and speaking. Combining the molecular and clinical analysis, the diagnosis of NCL could be made, although the missense mutation (c.434G > C, p.Arg145Pro) in CLN5 was evaluated to be a variant of uncertain significance according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) standard. We further performed expression and localization studies and our results provide evidence of impaired cellular trafficking of CLN5 to lysosome, indicating that this mutation might be deleterious to the function of CLN5 for its mislocalization. Our study demonstrated the efficacy of next generation sequencing in molecular diagnosis, and a deleterious effect of the variant discovered in our patient on CLN5, triggering the NCL disease.

Introduction

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a heterogeneous group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders, and are relatively rare diseases with an estimate incidence ranging from 1 to 4 per 100,000 worldwide (Simonati et al., 2017). It is characterized by epilepsy, difficulties in learning, progressive visual loss, motor deterioration, cognitive decline, and a reduced lifespan. The age of clinical onset of NCLs ranges from infancy to adulthood. Pathologically, these disorders share a common hallmark of accumulation of autofluorescent storage material resembling ceroid and lipofuscin in lysosomes in neural and peripheral tissues. Except for the only clinically-approved enzyme replacement for CLN2 disease, one subtype of NCLs, no curative treatment is available for other subtypes (Mole et al., 2018). Although the precise underlying mechanisms remain elusive, at least 13 pathogenic genes (CLN1 to CLN8 and CLN10 to CLN14) have been identified to be linked to NCLs. The NCL caused by CLN5 mutations is a rare subtype (OMIM 256731), first described in Finland and later identified in a variety of ethnic groups from both eastern and western countries (Savukoski et al., 1998; Xin et al., 2010). Generally, patients caused by CLN5 mutations have an average age of onset between 4 and 7 years, but some manifest clinical symptoms can start as early as 2 years or late at their adulthood (Mancini et al., 2015). The CLN5 gene is located on chromosome 13q21-q32 and encodes a 407-amino acid glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 52∼75kD (Isosomppi et al., 2002; Schmiedt et al., 2010). CLN5 is initially translated as a type II transmembrane protein with heavy glycosylation, subsequently cleaved into a mature soluble protein and resides in lysosome compartment (Isosomppi et al., 2002; Jules et al., 2017). As previously reported, CLN5 does not share homology with any known proteins, is highly expressed in the brain and is associated with brain development (Holmberg et al., 2004).

To date, more than 50 CLN5 mutations are collected in the HGMD database¹, and less than 10 mutations have been reported in Chinese populations, including c.334C > T (p.Arg112Cys), c.595C > T (p.Arg199^∗), c.620G > C (p.Trp207Ser), c.623G > A (p.Cys208Tyr), c.718_719delAT (p.Met240Valfs^∗13), c.1071_1072delCT (p.Leu358Alafs^∗4), c.1082T > C (p.Phe361Ser), c.1100-1103delAACA (p.Lys368 Serfs^∗15), and c.321-1G > A intron splice site, and there is no hotspot mutation (Xin et al., 2010; Ren et al., 2016, 2019; Ge et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2018). In this study, we identified and characterized a novel missense mutation c.434G > C (p.Arg145Pro) in CLN5 in a suspected NCL patient by using next generation sequencing. Our experiment results demonstrated that this mutation did not affect the protein expression but impaired the subcellular trafficking of CLN5 to lysosome, suggesting that it should be pathogenic for its mislocalization. Our study expands mutation spectrum in CLN5, as well as provides the clinical features and functional consequences of a novel mutation.

Materials and Methods

Case Presentation

An 8-year-old girl presented with psychomotor and visual deterioration, which began at the age of 5. She was the first and only child of a healthy non-consanguineous Chinese couple. She was born full-term with a birth weight of 3.8 kg, and had unremarkable prenatal, neonatal and family history. Before 5 years old, she did not show obvious abnormalities in psychomotor development and vision. Paroxysmal epilepsy associated with vomiting was first noticed at the age of 5.5 years. Electroencephalogram displayed lots of delta rhythm, diffuse generalized slow spike and slow wave, and brain MRI showed prominent fissures or sulci on cerebellar hemisphere as arrow pointed, indicating cerebellar atrophy (Figure 1A). The seizures were controlled temporarily by sodium valproate. However, her neurologic condition gradually worsened and epilepsy frequently recurred after 1 year. Subsequently, she developed progressive ataxia, regression of speech, and vision decline. She completely lost her vision and walking ability as well as vocalization within 2 years.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Brain MRI and whole exome sequencing findings and in silico prediction of Arg145. (A) Axial and coronary T2 weighted brain resonance magnetic images of the patient revealed cerebellar atrophy. (B) Confirmation of the missense mutation (c.434G > C) in the genomic DNA of the patient and her parents. Sanger sequencing showed the patient was homozygous for the mutation and her parents were heterozygous carriers, as labeled by red arrow. (C) Alignment of partial CLN5 amino acid sequence in 7 vertebrate species. CLN5 shares a highly homology among different species and the absolutely identical residues are labeled by red. An asterisk indicates arginine 145th (the mutant amino acid of c. 434G > C) found in patient. (D) Structure model of CLN5 predicted by RaptorX. Arginine of residue 145th was located on a β-sheet, which was composed of Gly140∼Met146. Substitution of arginine by proline greatly interrupted the interaction of residue 145th and other nearby amino acids in space.

Mutation Analysis

After obtaining written informed consent from her parents and ethical approval from Wuhan Children’s Hospital Ethics Committee, genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood of the patient and her parents. Whole exome sequencing was performed on Illumina HiSeq2000 according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The identified sequence variant of interest was confirmed in the patient and her parents by Sanger sequencing. Polyphen-2², SIFT³, MutationTaster⁴, and CADD⁵ were used to predict the potential effect of the Arg145Pro on function and structure of CLN5 protein. We also predicted its effect on the three-dimensional structure of CLN5 by using RaptorX⁶ (Kallberg et al., 2012).

Cells, Plasmids, and Antibodies

Hela cells were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco). The plasmids encoding wild-type CLN5-HA (defined as wtCLN5) were purchased from GeneCopoeia. The CLN5 Arg145Pro mutant (defined as mtCLN5) was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Mouse anti-HA tag IgG (sc-7392) and monoclonal antibody against CLN5 (sc-374672) were bought from Santa Cruz, while rabbit polyclonal antibody against LC3I/II(4108S), p62/SQSTM1 rabbit monoclonal antibody (8025S), LAMP-1 rabbit monoclonal antibody (9091T) and HRP-linked anti-rabbit IgG (7074S) were purchased from CST. HRP-linked anti-mouse IgG, mouse monoclonal antibody against GAPDH, Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG and Alexa Fluor 564-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG were purchased from Boster.

Western Blot

HeLa cells pre-seeded on six-well plate were transfected with 2.5μg plasmids encoding wtCLN5-HA or mtCLN5-HA per-well by using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). Twenty four hours post-transfection, cells were lysed with lysis buffer in the presence of protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche). Protein samples were resolved by 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto PVDF membrane. After being blocked with 3% BSA in TBS-T, the PVDF membrane was subsequently incubated with mouse anti-HA tag IgG or antibody against CLN5 or mouse monoclonal antibody against GAPDH and HRP-linked anti-mouse IgG. And then immunoreactive bands were visualized with ECL chemiluminescent substrate (ThermoFisher). The expression levels of autophagy related proteins LC3I/II, LAMP-1 and p62/SQSTM1 were detected by using corresponding antibodies as described above.

Immunofluorescence and Confocal Microscopy

A total of 8 × 10⁴ HeLa cells were seeded on 35 mm glass bottom culture dishes and transfected with 1μg plasmids encoding wtCLN5 or mtCLN5 per-well. Twenty four hours later, transfected cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized with 0.2% Triton-X100 in PBS both for 15 min at room temperature. After three washes with PBS, cells were blocked by 3% BSA in PBS and then incubated with a mouse anti-HA tag IgG and a rabbit monoclonal antibody against LAMP-1 both at a dilution of 1:100 for 1 h at room temperature. Following three washes, cells were subsequently incubated with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG and Alexa Fluor 564-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG at a dilution of 1:200 for 1 h at room temperature. Cell nuclei were stained with DAPI. After extensive washes, stained cells were analyzed under Nikon A1 MP confocal microscope equipped with a 60 × oil immersion objective. Image sequences were processed and analyzed using NIS-elements Viewer software (Nikon).

Cycloheximide Chase Assay

HeLa cells pre-seeded on 35 mm glass bottom culture dishes were transfected with plasmids encoding wtCLN5 or mtCLN5 by using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). 24 h post-transfection, the transfected cells were incubated with 50μM cycloheximide (MCE), a protein synthesis inhibitor, for 5 h (Isosomppi et al., 2002). Thereafter, the cells were fixed for confocal microscopy assay as described above.

Results

Mutation Analysis

Whole exome sequencing was performed on the patient and her parents. A mutation (c.434G > C, p. Arg145Pro) in the exon 2 of CLN5 gene was identified in this patient and confirmed by Sanger sequencing to be homozygous in the proband and heterozygous in her parents (Figure 1B).

The c. 434G > C in CLN5 was a novel missense mutation and was not collected in the HGMD, NCL mutation database⁷, and any other online database. In silico prediction indicated that CLN5 is highly conserved during evolution and the arginine at the 145th residue is identical among 7 vertebrate species (Figure 1C), implying this conserved residue might be critical for CLN5 function. The missense mutation was predicted to be probably tolerated by SIFT with score 0.084, deleterious by PROVEAN with score −4.02, probably damaging by Polyphen-2 with score 1.00, disease-causing by MutationTaster with score 1.00 and damaging by CADD with score 26.9. To test if Arg145Pro affect the 3D structure of CLN5, the 3D structure of CLN5 was predicted by using RaptorX and the location of Arg145 was labeled. As shown in Figure 1D, Arg145 resided on a β-sheet, consisting of Asp140∼Lys146 and the change of arginine to proline greatly interrupted the interaction of R145 and other nearby amino acids in space. According to ACMG guideline, the missense mutation c.434G > C was predicted to be a variant of uncertain significance. Therefore, the pathological significance of this variant remains to be further clarified.

Functional Studies of Arg145Pro

Plasmids encoding wtCLN5 or mtCLN5 were transfected into Hela cells, 24 h later these transfected cells were lysed or fixed for following gel analyses or confocal microscopy. As shown in Figures 2A,B, a CLN5 polypeptide band about 50kD was detected in both wtCLN5 and mtCLN5 transfected cells by antibody against CLN5 or HA, respectively. However, it was noticeable that the relative intensity of the polypeptide bands was different between the two transfected cells according to the difference of detected antibodies. The HA antibody, binding transiently expressed polypeptides, detected a comparable expression level of wtCLN5 and mtCLN5 (Figure 2B), implying that Arg145Pro might not affect CLN5 protein expression. In Figure 2A, expression of total CLN5 polypeptide was analyzed and the mtCLN5 transfected cells displayed a higher expression level than that of wild-type group. As reported previously, mature CLN5 was mainly targeted to lysosome, but some would be secreted out of cell (Larkin et al., 2013). Therefore, we hypothesized that overexpression of mtCLN5 might alter the basic expression of CLN5 in HeLa cells or that Arg145Pro might impair the trafficking and secretion of mtCLN5, which resulted in an increase of total CLN5 polypeptide in mtCLN5 transfected cells.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Functional analysis of p.Arg145Pro. (A,B) Impacts of Arg145Pro on the expression of CLN5. HeLa cells were transfected with wtCLN5 or mtCLN5 and total expression of CLN5 was detected by Western blot using antibody against CLN5 or anti-HA tag IgG with GAPDH as a loading control. One representative experiment out of three is shown. (C) Impacts of Arg145Pro on the cellular localization of CLN5. Cells transfected with wtCLN5 or mtCLN5 were treated with 50μM cycloheximide for 5 h and then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and subsequently co-stained with anti-HA tag antibody (red) and antibody against LAMP-1 specifically recognizing lysosome (green). Co-localization of CLN5 and lysosome was analyzed by confocal microscopy. Transfected cells with no treatment are control. Representative confocal images from three independent experiments are shown.

CLN5 was a lysosomal glycoprotein and it should be correctly targeted to lysosome for normal function. Since we proposed that Arg145Pro might exert its influence by interrupting the intracellular transport of CLN5 protein, we next investigated the co-localization of wtCLN5 or mtCLN5 with LAMP-1, a lysosomal marker, to test this hypothesis. As shown in Figure 2C, both overexpressed wtCLN5 and mtCLN5 were distributed around the nucleus and mildly co-localized with LAMP-1 in transfected cells, but in cells treated with the translation inhibitor cycloheximide for 5 h, wtCLN5 was gathered and showed an increased co-localization with LAMP-1, whereas mtCLN5 did not co-localize with LAMP-1. All these results suggested that Arg145Pro impaired the intracellular trafficking of CLN5, with little mtCLN5 entering into lysosome. These findings collectively indicated that Arg145Pro had no effects on the expression of CLN5, but affected its subcellular localization, which might harm the normal functions of CLN5.

Since most of mtCLN5 was not correctly targeted to lysosome, we next investigated the impact of Arg145Pro on the function of CLN5. Given that the precise function of CLN5 was not well-defined and that autophagy disruption was indicated to be associated with NCL pathogenesis (Seranova et al., 2017), we investigated the impacts of mtCLN5 on autophagy. Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3(LC3) is a marker of autophagy, and the increase in the conversion from its cytosolic form (LC3-I) to the membrane-bound form (LC3-II) indicates increased formation of autophagosomes, suggesting increased autophagy (Lee and Lee, 2016). While LAMP-1 is essential for phagosome-lysosome fusion (Huynh et al., 2007). As shown in Figures 3A,B, LC3-II and LAMP-1 slightly decreased in mtCLN5 transfected cells, indicating that mtCLN5 might be deleterious to autophagy of the transfected cells. Taken together, our results suggest that Arg145Pro probably impaired cellular autophagy through disrupting the function of CLN5 for incorrect subcellular localization.

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. Impacts of Arg145Pro on the expression of autophagy related proteins. (A) HeLa cells were transfected with wtCLN5 or mtCLN5, and the expression levels of autophagy related proteins LC3II, LAMP-1 and p62/SQSTM1 were detected by Western blot using corresponding antibodies with GAPDH as a loading control. One representative experiment out of three is shown. (B) Relative intensity of GAPDH-loaded autophagy related proteins in wtCLN5 and mtCLN5 transfected cells from 3 independent experiments. Gray scale scanning was performed by Image J software and the relative expression level of LC3II, LAMP-1 and p62/SQSTM1 in mtCLN5 transfected cells was normalized by that in wtCLN5 transfected cells.

Discussion

NCLs affect all ages and ethnicities, and each subtype is separate disease entity. The main symptoms are cognitive decline, epilepsy, motor deterioration, and visual loss, and the disorder varies and depends on the genetic mutations. The patients with CLN5 diseases develop generally symptoms at the age of 4–7 years, with motor clumsiness or cognition impairment as the initial symptoms (Savukoski et al., 1998). As the disease progressed, visual loss as well as epileptic seizures would be developed. The described patient in this report displayed an initial symptom at 5.5 years, with paroxysmal epilepsy associated with vomiting as initial symptom followed by progressive psychomotor and visual deterioration.

With the advent of new sequencing technologies, the diagnosis of NCL can be made when mutations in pathogenic gene have been identified, in combination with clinical features. Enzyme activity, blood film examination as well as ultrastructural examination of skin remain helpful for confirmation. The diagnosis of NCL for our patient was confirmed by the identification of a homozygous mutation in CLN5 via whole exome sequencing.

To date, 54 disease associated mutations had been identified in CLN5 gene. These included 21 missense, 9 nonsense, 11 deletion, 4 insertion mutations, and 9 sequence variants (Xin et al., 2010; Ren et al., 2016; Ge et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2018; Parvin et al., 2019) (as shown in Table 1). CLN5 has 4 exons and disease-causing mutations are spread through the whole gene, but 36 of 54 variants are located in CLN5 exon 3 and 4. The nonsense mutation p.Tyr392^∗, resided in exon 4, is the founder mutation in the Finnish population which resulted in a truncated protein lacking the C-terminal 16 amino acids and accounted for 83% of NCL cases caused by CLN5 defects in Finland (Savukoski et al., 1998). The missense mutation Arg145Pro described in this study is located in exon 2, where 5 pathogenic mutations, including p.Arg112Pro, p.Arg112His, p.Arg112Cys, p.Cys126Tyr and p.Arg145^∗, has been previously reported. It’s suggested that site 112, 126, and 145 might be mutated hotspots in exon 2 of CLN5.

TABLE 1

Table 1. CLN5 mutation spectrum.

As listed in Table 1, 24 variants including nonsense, insertion and deletion mutations were supposed to produce a premature termination codon. Nonsense mutation p.Gln189^∗ was reported to produce a mRNA non-producing allele and reduce CLN5 expression via nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (Bessa et al., 2006), while p.Trp75^∗ encoded a truncated polypeptide. Both p.Glu253^∗ and p.Glu352^∗ produced unstable proteins and increased their recognition and degradation by the ER quality control system (Schmiedt et al., 2010; Larkin et al., 2013). In addition, missense mutations p.Arg112His, p.Arg112Pro, p.Asp279Asn, p.Ser312Asn, and p.Trp379Cys would cause ER retention of the mutant polypeptides, perhaps due to misfolding (Isosomppi et al., 2002; Lebrun et al., 2009; Schmiedt et al., 2010). According to previous reports, approximately half of the pathogenic mutations resulted in prematurely terminated transcripts, impaired subcellular localization of mutated CLN5 for folding defects or reduced protein expression. As for our described missense mutation Arg145Pro, in silico predictions by PolyPhen-2, Provean and MutationTaster were damaging, while RaptorX predicted that the change of arginine to proline might greatly interrupt the interaction of Arg145 and other nearby amino acids in space. Based on these predictions, further in vitro functional study is needed to clarify the effect of this variant.

For most genetic mutations related to NCLs, complete loss of gene function is due to decreased expression or mislocalization of the encoded protein. Recently, a loss-of-function of CLN5 variant (p.Asn320Ser) was reported to cause endoplasmic reticulum retention, which impaired trafficking of retromer, a master conductor of endosomal sorting and trafficking, and was associated with Alzheimer (Qureshi et al., 2018). In addition, our in silico prediction by RaptorX suggested the region, encompassing Phe109∼Val263, formed a structure domain rich in β-sheets. This domain, might have major structural constraints for the function and expression of CLN5, for 12 of 21 missense mutations listed in Table 1 are located in the region. This region may also play a critical role in the correct subcellular localization of CLN5, which also echo previous study that missense mutations Arg112Pro and Arg112His resulted in ER retention of mutated CLN5 (Schmiedt et al., 2010). Thus, we investigated whether Arg145Pro affects protein expression and cellular localization of CLN5. Our experiments showed that mtCLN5 had a comparable expression level with wtCLN5, but little mutated protein could be colocalized with the lysosome marker, LAMP-1, suggesting mutation Arg145Pro affects the intracellular trafficking of CLN5.

Since most of mutated CLN5 could not be targeted to lysosome, the mutation Arg145Pro may be deleterious to the function of CLN5 protein. We attempted to analyze the genotype-phenotype correlations of the loss-of-function mutations and pathogenic mutations with in vitro experimental evidence. As listed in Table 2, the majority of CLN5 disease patients presented motor and visual problems as initial symptom. Though pathogenic mutations were located at different regions of CLN5, most patients (18 of 26) presented first symptoms at 3–7 years. Patients carrying homozygous mutation of p.Ser98Leufs^∗13, p.Gly177Trpfs^∗10, p.Met240Valfs^∗13, or p.Trp247^∗ displayed initial symptoms at 4 months, 5 and 3 years, respectively, while the patient with compound heterzygous mutations of p.Trp75^∗ and p.Trp224Leufs^∗30 was onset at 8 years (Cismondi et al., 2008; Xin et al., 2010; Parvin et al., 2019). It seems that there is no obvious relationship between mutation sites and the onset age of CLN5 diseases. In addition, p.Arg112His, p.Asp279Asn, p.Ser312Asn, p.Leu358Alafs^∗4, p.Trp379Cys or p.Tyr392^∗ was reported to cause ER retention of mutated polypeptide, the onset age of patients with these homozygous mutations varied from 2 to 56 years (Savukoski et al., 1998; Pineda-Trujillo et al., 2005; Lebrun et al., 2009). It is likely that the impairment of these mutations to function of CLN5 is various, and some of them might retain unknown functions outside lysosome. As previously reported, CLN5 might play a role in intracellular trafficking of proteins by controlling the recycling of lysosomal sorting receptors and CLN5 deficiency was shown to impair the maturation of Cathepsin D encoded by CLN10. CLN5 was able to interact with CLN2 and CLN3. Besides, there have been numerous indications of disruption in the autophagy-lysosome pathway in NCL pathogenesis in human and animal models (Thelen et al., 2012; Best et al., 2017). CLN5 deficiency was shown to impair the neurogenesis in knockout mouse model (Savchenko et al., 2017), which was not related to the change in apoptosis but possibly attributed to compromised autophagy (Holmberg et al., 2004). Impaired autophagy was also found in CLN5^–/– ovine neural cultures from sheep with CLN5 disease (Best et al., 2017) and in retinal extracts of mouse models of CLN5 disease (Leinonen et al., 2017). However, the precise function of CLN5 was not well defined and the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of CLN5 disease remains to be clarified. It’s necessary to further investigate the impacts of pathogenic variants on the function of CLN5, which will help us better understand the clinical heterogeneity of CLN5 disease.

TABLE 2

Table 2. Genotype-phenotype correlation of CLN5 mutations.

In conclusion, as patients with NCLs have a similar clinical manifestation that seems not directly linked to the specific causative genes, whole exome sequencing facilitates the diagnosis by identifying the pathogenic gene with a single test. In order to determine causality, in silico tools and in vitro functional studies are needed to perform to provide evidence for the pathogenic nature of each mutation identified. Impaired protein stability and intracellular trafficking could be important factor associated with the pathogenesis of CLN5 disease in most NCLs patients. Our study reported a deleterious effect of the variant discovered in our patient on CLN5 by affecting intracellular trafficking, leading to the NCL disease and emphasizes the usefulness of next generation sequencing in molecular diagnosis.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.

Ethics Statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Wuhan Children’s Hospital Ethics Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients’ legal guardian/next of kin for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.

Author Contributions

XH, AZ, and GW contributed to the conception and design of the study. SL did the experiments and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. BB provided the clinical information of the patient. BZ, LT, and PZ wrote the sections of the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read and approved the submitted version.

Funding

This study was funded by the Wuhan Yellow Crane (Medicine and Healthcare) (2016-01), Hubei Health and Family Planning Commission (WJ2015MB247), Hubei National Science Funding Committee (2011CDB306), and Wuhan Creative Platform of Clinical Medical Research for Neurological Diseases in Children (2014-160). This research was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81700302) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFC1306202).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

We thank our patient and her family.

Footnotes

1. ^ http://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk/
2. ^ http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/pph/
3. ^ http://www.Blocks.fhcrc.org/sift/SIFT.html
4. ^ http://www.mutationtaster.org/
5. ^ https://cadd.gs.washington.edu/score
6. ^ http://raptorx.uchicago.edu/
7. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ncl

References

Bessa, C., Teixeira, C. A., Mangas, M., Dias, A., Sa Miranda, M. C., Guimaraes, A., et al. (2006). Two novel CLN5 mutations in a portuguese patient with vLINCL: insights into molecular mechanisms of CLN5 deficiency. Mol. Genet. Metab. 89, 245–253. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.04.010

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Best, H. L., Neverman, N. J., Wicky, H. E., Mitchell, N. L., Leitch, B., and Hughes, S. M. (2017). Characterisation of early changes in ovine CLN5 and CLN6 Batten disease neural cultures for the rapid screening of therapeutics. Neurobiol. Dis. 100, 62–74. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.01.001

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cismondi, I. A., Cannelli, N., Aiello, C., Santorelli, F. M., Kohan, R., Oller Ramirez, A. M., et al. (2008). Gene symbol: CLN5. disease: neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, finnish variant. Hum Genet. 123, 554.

Google Scholar

Ge, L., Li, H. Y., Hai, Y., Min, L., Xing, L., Min, J., et al. (2018). Novel mutations in CLN5 of chinese patients with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. J. Child Neurol. 33, 837–850. doi: 10.1177/0883073818789024

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Holmberg, V., Jalanko, A., Isosomppi, J., Fabritius, A. L., Peltonen, L., and Kopra, O. (2004). The mouse ortholog of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis CLN5 gene encodes a soluble lysosomal glycoprotein expressed in the developing brain. Neurobiol. Dis. 16, 29–40. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2003.12.019

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Huynh, K. K., Eskelinen, E. L., Scott, C. C., Malevanets, A., Saftig, P., and Grinstein, S. (2007). LAMP proteins are required for fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes. EMBO J. 26, 313–324. doi: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601511

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Isosomppi, J., Vesa, J., Jalanko, A., and Peltonen, L. (2002). Lysosomal localization of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis CLN5 protein. Hum. Mol. Genet. 11, 885–891. doi: 10.1093/hmg/11.8.885

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Jules, F., Sauvageau, E., Dumaresq-Doiron, K., Mazzaferri, J., Haug-Kroper, M., Fluhrer, R., et al. (2017). CLN5 is cleaved by members of the SPP/SPPL family to produce a mature soluble protein. Exp. Cell Res. 357, 40–50. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.04.024

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kallberg, M., Wang, H., Wang, S., Peng, J., Wang, Z., Lu, H., et al. (2012). Template-based protein structure modeling using the RaptorX web server. Nat. Protoc. 7, 1511–1522. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2012.085

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Larkin, H., Ribeiro, M. G., and Lavoie, C. (2013). Topology and membrane anchoring of the lysosomal storage disease-related protein CLN5. Hum. Mutat. 34, 1688–1697. doi: 10.1002/humu.22443

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lebrun, A. H., Storch, S., Ruschendorf, F., Schmiedt, M. L., Kyttala, A., Mole, S. E., et al. (2009). Retention of lysosomal protein CLN5 in the endoplasmic reticulum causes neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in Asian sibship. Hum. Mutat. 30, E651–E661.

Google Scholar

Lee, Y. K., and Lee, J. A. (2016). Role of the mammalian ATG8/LC3 family in autophagy: differential and compensatory roles in the spatiotemporal regulation of autophagy. BMB Rep. 49, 424–430. doi: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.8.081

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Leinonen, H., Keksa-Goldsteine, V., Ragauskas, S., Kohlmann, P., Singh, Y., Savchenko, E., et al. (2017). Retinal degeneration in a mouse model of CLN5 Disease is associated with compromised autophagy. Sci Rep. 7, 1597.

Google Scholar

Mancini, C., Nassani, S., Guo, Y., Chen, Y., Giorgio, E., Brussino, A., et al. (2015). Adult-onset autosomal recessive ataxia associated with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 5 gene (CLN5) mutations. J. Neurol. 262, 173–178. doi: 10.1007/s00415-014-7553-y

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mole, S. E., Anderson, G., Band, H. A., Berkovic, S. F., Cooper, J. D., Kleine Holthaus, S. M., et al. (2018). Clinical challenges and future therapeutic approaches for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Lancet Neurol. 18, 30365–30368.

Google Scholar

Parvin, S., Rezazadeh, M., Hosseinzadeh, H., Moradi, M., Shiva, S., and Gharesouran, J. (2019). The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses-linked loss of function CLN5 and CLN8 variants disrupt normal lysosomal function. Neuromol. Med. 21, 160–169. doi: 10.1007/s12017-019-08529-7

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pineda-Trujillo, N., Cornejo, W., Carrizosa, J., Wheeler, R. B., Munera, S., Valencia, A., et al. (2005). A CLN5 mutation causing an atypical neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis of juvenile onset. Neurology 64, 740–742. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000151974.44980.f1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Qureshi, Y. H., Patel, V. M., Berman, D. E., Kothiya, M. J., Neufeld, J. L., Vardarajan, B., et al. (2018). An Alzheimer’s Disease-linked loss-of-function CLN5 variant impairs cathepsin D maturation, consistent with a retromer trafficking defect. Mol. Cell. Biol. 38, e00011–e18.

Google Scholar

Ren, S. C., Gao, B. Q., Wang, Y. J., Wu, X. J., Tian, Z. X., and Sun, Y. L. (2016). Clinical, genetic and pathological features of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in 5 Chinese patients. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi 96, 3504–3507.

Google Scholar

Ren, X. T., Wang, X. H., Ding, C. H., Shen, X., Zhang, H., Zhang, W. H., et al. (2019). Next-Generation sequencing analysis reveals novel pathogenic variants in four chinese siblings with late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Front. Genet. 10:370. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00370

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Savchenko, E., Singh, Y., Konttinen, H., Lejavova, K., Mediavilla Santos, L., Grubman, A., et al. (2017). Loss of Cln5 causes altered neurogenesis in a mouse model of a childhood neurodegenerative disorder. Dis. Model Mech. 10, 1089–1100. doi: 10.1242/dmm.029165

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Savukoski, M., Klockars, T., Holmberg, V., Santavuori, P., Lander, E. S., and Peltonen, L. (1998). CLN5, a novel gene encoding a putative transmembrane protein mutated in Finnish variant late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Nat. Genet. 19, 286–288. doi: 10.1038/975

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Schmiedt, M. L., Bessa, C., Heine, C., Ribeiro, M. G., Jalanko, A., and Kyttala, A. (2010). The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis protein CLN5: new insights into cellular maturation, transport, and consequences of mutations. Hum. Mutat. 31, 356–365. doi: 10.1002/humu.21195

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Seranova, E., Connolly, K. J., Zatyka, M., Rosenstock, T. R., Barrett, T., Tuxworth, R. I., et al. (2017). Dysregulation of autophagy as a common mechanism in lysosomal storage diseases. Essays Biochem. 61, 733–749. doi: 10.1042/ebc20170055

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Simonati, A., Williams, R. E., Nardocci, N., Laine, M., Battini, R., Schulz, A., et al. (2017). Phenotype and natural history of variant late infantile ceroid-lipofuscinosis 5. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 59, 815–821. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.13473

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Thelen, M., Damme, M., Schweizer, M., Hagel, C., Wong, A. M., Cooper, J. D., et al. (2012). Disruption of the autophagy-lysosome pathway is involved in neuropathology of the nclf mouse model of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. PLoS One 7:e35493. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035493

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Xin, W., Mullen, T. E., Kiely, R., Min, J., Feng, X., Cao, Y., et al. (2010). CLN5 mutations are frequent in juvenile and late-onset non-Finnish patients with NCL. Neurology 74, 565–571. doi: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181cff70d

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhou, Z. Z., Li, X. Z., Cheng, J., Zhang, W., Zeng, C. H., Lin, Y. T., et al. (2018). Clinical features and genetics studies of Finnish variant late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in two families. Zhonghua er ke za zhi 56, 601–604.

Google Scholar