AUTHOR=Furo Ivanete de Oliveira , Kretschmer Rafael , O’Brien Patricia Caroline , Pereira Jorge C. , Garnero Analía del Valle , Gunski Ricardo José , O’Connor Rebecca E. , Griffin Darren Karl , Gomes Anderson José Baia , Ferguson-Smith Malcolm Andrew , de Oliveira Edivaldo Herculano Correa 

TITLE=Chromosomal Evolution in the Phylogenetic Context: A Remarkable Karyotype Reorganization in Neotropical Parrot Myiopsitta monachus (Psittacidae)

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Genetics

VOLUME=11

YEAR=2020

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/genetics/articles/10.3389/fgene.2020.00721

DOI=10.3389/fgene.2020.00721

ISSN=1664-8021

ABSTRACT=<p><italic>Myiopsitta monachus</italic> is a small Neotropical parrot (Psittaciformes: Arini Tribe) from subtropical and temperate regions of South America. It has a diploid chromosome number 2<italic>n</italic> = 48, different from other members of the Arini Tribe that have usually 70 chromosomes. The species has the lowest 2<italic>n</italic> within the Arini Tribe. In this study, we combined comparative chromosome painting with probes generated from chromosomes of <italic>Gallus gallus</italic> and <italic>Leucopternis albicollis</italic>, and FISH with bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) selected from the genome library of <italic>G. gallus</italic> with the aim to shed light on the dynamics of genome reorganization in <italic>M. monachus</italic> in the phylogenetic context. The homology maps showed a great number of fissions in macrochromosomes, and many fusions between microchromosomes and fragments of macrochromosomes. Our phylogenetic analysis by Maximum Parsimony agree with molecular data, placing <italic>M</italic>. <italic>monachus</italic> in a basal position within the Arini Tribe, together with <italic>Amazona aestiva</italic> (short tailed species). In <italic>M. monachus</italic> many chromosome rearrangements were found to represent autopomorphic characters, indicating that after this species split as an independent branch, an intensive karyotype reorganization took place. In addition, our results show that <italic>M</italic>. <italic>monachus</italic> probes generated by flow cytometry provide novel cytogenetic tools for the detection of avian chromosome rearrangements, since this species presents breakpoints that have not been described in other species.</p>