Francesca L. Sciacca1
Claudia Ciaccio2*
Federica Fontana1
Camilla Strano2Francesca Gilardoni1Chiara Pantaleoni2Stefano D’Arrigo2- 1Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology Unit, Laboratory of Cytogenetic, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
- 2Developmental Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
Homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations in GNB5 gene have been associated with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from neurodevelopmental issues with or without cardiac arrhythmia (LADCI) to severe developmental delay with epileptic encephalopathy, retinal dystrophy, and heart rhythm abnormalities (IDDCA). While missense or missense/non-sense mutations usually lead to milder form, the biallelic loss of function of GNB5 gene causes the severe multisystemic IDDCA phenotype. So far, only 27 patients have been described with GNB5-associated disease. We report the first case of a patient carrying a homozygous 15q21.2 microdeletion, encompassing GNB5 and the two contiguous genes BCL2L10 and MYO5C. The clinical features of the child are consistent with the severe IDDCA phenotype, thus confirming the GNB5 loss-of-function mechanism in determining such presentation of the disease.
Introduction
Chromosomal aberrations are a common cause of developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID) and congenital malformations (Stankievic and Beaudet, 2007; Sagoo et al., 2009). We now know that as many as 30–50% of cases of ID with or without other pathological features are caused by genetic or chromosomal anomalies (Cooper et al., 2011; Schaaf et al., 2011; Srivastava et al., 2019). In the present report, we describe a male patient affected by profound development delay with absence of motor and language acquisition, early onset epilepsy, bradycardia, nystagmus, visual impairment, and severe gastroesophageal reflux. Array-CGH analysis demonstrated the presence of a homozygous deletion in 15q21.2, spanning about 193 kb and involving BCL2L, GNB5, and MYO5C genes. Among these three genes, GNB5 has been already associated with neurodevelopmental impairment and variable multisystemic dysfunction in 27 cases (Table 1).
Table 1. Summary of cases with GNB5 mutations so far reported compared to the present case with homozygous microdeletion.
GNB5 encodes a β subunit of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins. Its transcript binds members of the R7 family of G-protein-signaling regulators (RGS), supporting their negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling. The R7 RGS family is widely expressed in the central nervous system, and GNB5 transcript is involved in multiple signaling pathways in the brain. It has a central role in parasympathetic control of heart rate, neuronal development, motor function, and vision (Lodder et al., 2016). Recently, homozygous or compound heterozygous pathogenic variants in GNB5 have been reported as the cause of an autosomal recessive multisystemic syndrome with a wide spectrum of clinical presentation, categorized under two distinct phenotypes. The final presentation depends on the severity of the G protein beta’s impaired function determined by the mutation. Specifically, homozygous carriers of missense variants, the most common being c.242 C > T p.(Ser81Leu), present a mild form characterized by language delay, cognitive impairment, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with or without cardiac arrhythmia (LADCI, #617182) (Lodder et al., 2016; Shamseldin et al., 2016). Otherwise, homozygous carriers of non-functional alleles are affected by a severe form characterized by developmental delay evolving in severe intellectual disability with poor or absent speech, early epileptic encephalopathy, hypotonia, retinal abnormalities and sick sinus syndrome with bradycardia, escape beats and other arrhythmias in the absence of structural heart abnormalities (IDDCA, #617173) (Lodder et al., 2016; Turkdogan et al., 2017; Malerba et al., 2018; Vernon et al., 2018; Poke et al., 2019; Shao et al., 2019).
As this is the first case of homozygous deletion involving the GNB5 gene previously associated to diseases with complex phenotype in patients with homozygous mutations, here, we describe our patient and discuss the implications for the diagnostic assessment.
Case Report
Our patient is a male child, born from first cousin healthy parents of Egyptian ancestry; no remarkable issue was reported in family history, but the parental couple experienced five miscarriages before the patient was born. After an uneventful full-term pregnancy, he was born trough an emergency C-section, performed for fetopelvic disproportion and initial fetal distress. We were unable to access any documentation about neonatal parameters, but perinatal period was reported as physiological, except for mild jaundice and the evidence of minor heart defects (patent foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus, both later spontaneously closed). At the age of 6 months he experienced the onset of infantile spasm epilepsy, for which he was initially treated with valproic acid (VPA), discontinued at 3 years of age after remission of the symptoms; VPA was reintroduced 1 year later, when the child started manifesting major critical episodes characterized by hypertonia and upward gaze deviation, multiple times a day. No episodes have been reported since the introduction of a combination treatment with VPA and levetiracetam (LVT). His current phenotype is that of a severe neurodevelopmental impairment (he managed to acquire partial head control by 1 year of age but no further developmental milestones; language is completely absent), cortical blindness with subcontinuous erratic eye movements, and generalized epilepsy. Auxometric parameters are within the normal range (8 years old: height 120 cm, −0.3 SD; weight 19 kg, −1.6 SD; head circumference 50 cm, −1.5 SD), and he does not present any facial peculiar characteristics or somatic malformation. Electroencephalographic registration revealed severe disorganization with recurrent generalized epileptic anomalies, predominant on the frontal lobes. Brain MRI showed moderate bilateral enlargement of the ventricular system and cerebral sulci, suggestive of global supra and subtentorial atrophy. His heart rate was reduced at heart auscultation, and ECG registration confirmed the presence of a marked sinus bradycardia, with heart rate of 39; heart ultra sounds demonstrated the absence of structural anomalies, while at the Holter monitoring, significant sinus arrhythmia, mostly nocturnal, was found. A subsequent cardiac evaluation ruled out the need, at that moment, of further interventions for the bradycardia. Nocturnal polysomnography was also performed, showing periodic breathing with several desaturations and episodic bradypnea, suggestive of autonomic nervous system impairment. Furthermore, marked alterations, displayed by electroretinogram, indicated the presence of retinal dystrophy. The patient also suffers from severe gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Array-CGH Analysis
DNA was extracted from peripheral blood using a specific kit (Gentra kit, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). ACGH analyses were performed using the Cytosure Oligo ISCA180K platform, which comprises a research-validated collection of specific probes that enable reliable detection of CNVs with high resolution in regions associated to genetic disorders. Array design was performed by Oxford Gene Technology (OGT; Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom) and manufactured by Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, United States). The DNA test was hybridized with sex-matched DNA from pooled controls (reference DNA; Promega, Madison, WI, United States), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Hybridization was performed using MaiTaiTM Hybridization System (SciGene). After 20 h, CytoChip Oligo array was washed and scanned using InnoScan 710 Microarray Scanner (Innopsys, Carbonne, FR). Amplifications or deletions are revealed by green (Cy3) or red (Cy5) signals, due to unbalanced ratio between the two fluorophores. Data were analyzed using Cytosure interpret software (Oxford Gene Technology). Clinical interpretation of Array-CGH results are based on published literature and public databases (ENSEMBL, USBC, Database for Genetic Variants, DECIPHER, the Italian database of Troina) following Cytogenetic European and International Guidelines (Kearney et al., 2011; Hastings et al., 2012). Genomic coordinates are based on the February 2009 Human Genome Build (GRCh37/hg19).
Results
We screened copy number variations by Array-CGH, and we detected a homozygous deletion in 15q21.2. The proximal breakpoint is between nucleotide 52,366,562 and 52,385,564, and the distal breakpoint is between 52,579,282 and 52,602,756, thus spanning about 193–236 kb. The deleted region involved BCL2L, GNB5, and MYO5C genes (Figure 1). Both parents carried a heterozygous deletion overlapping with that and showed no clinical sign of disease.
Figure 1. Array-CGH genomic profile (screenshot from the Cytosure software analyses) focused on the 15q21.2 chromosome region of the proband (purple line), his mother (green line), and his father (blue line). The log2 ratio of microdeletion of the patient was about −3, indicating homozygous deletion, while log2 ratios of the microdeletion carried by both parents were −1, indicating heterozygous loss of the region. Also indicated in the software figure is the gene content of the region: the same region with its gene content is also enlarged in the lower image, captured in the UCSC genome browser.
No cases with similar homozygous microdeletion are present in public databases (Decipher, ClinVar Long Variants, ClinGen CNVs), while in the literature, 27 patients carrying GNB5 homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations can be found (Lodder et al., 2016; Shamseldin et al., 2016; Turkdogan et al., 2017; Malerba et al., 2018; Vernon et al., 2018; Poke et al., 2019; Shao et al., 2019). MIM database indicates that mutations in GNB5 are associated with autosomal recessive disorders: infantile developmental disorder with cardiac arrhythmias (IDDCA, MIM# 617173) and language delay and ADHD/cognitive impairment with or without cardiac arrhythmia (LADCI, MIM# 617182). IDDCA may occur with a severe phenotype, when caused by loss-of-function mutations in both alleles, or with less severe clinical features when caused by compound heterozygous non-sense/missense mutations (Shamseldin et al., 2016; Malerba et al., 2018; Vernon et al., 2018); LADCI is a mild/moderate form of disease, caused by missense mutations in both alleles.
The clinical features of our patient were almost completely overlapping with severe phenotype of IDDCA, so we can infer that homozygous GNB5 deletions determine the syndrome, as well as homozygous loss-of-function mutations of the gene.
Discussion
Infantile developmental disorder with cardiac arrhythmias (IDDCA) is an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder characterized by cognitive impairment, poor or absent speech, delayed motor development, seizures, hypotonia, retinal disease, nystagmus, sinus node dysfunction, and gastro-esophageal reflux. This disorder is severe and is caused by homozygous loss-of-function mutations in the GNB5 gene that encodes for one out of five variants of the beta subunit of the G protein (G protein β5) (Lodder et al., 2016). The IDDCA phenotype is very similar to that of our patient, so that GNB5 must be considered the main factor in determining the clinical features of the child, given its phenotypic overlap with patients carrying GNB5 null mutations.
G protein β5 is involved in regulation of a plethora of cellular activities (Simonds and Zhang, 2000). Human GNB5 is expressed in the brain, pancreas, kidney, heart (Jones et al., 1998) and retina (Watson et al., 1996). Within the brain, the highest expression is found in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, occipital pole, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and caudate putamen, while the lowest expression was in the corpus callosum and spinal cord (Jones et al., 1998). It is a part of the neurotransmitter signaling cascade of the G protein-coupled receptor and plays a crucial role in psychiatric functions (Catapano and Manji, 2007; Meye et al., 2014), heart rate regulation (Posokhova et al., 2010), motor functions (Zhang et al., 2011), and vision (Shao et al., 2019). The mouse Gnb5 knockout model shows high mortality rate (Chen et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2011), somatic runty at birth, and then a small body size, significant developmental milestone delays, abnormal gate, balance and motor learning, hyperactivity, delayed Purkinje cell development, reduced dendritic arborization, abnormal hippocampal development, and changes in transcription levels of several genes (Zhang et al., 2011). Both the knockout mice and the patients with homozygous loss-of-function mutations show phenotypic overlap with our patient: such considerations strongly suggest that GNB5 deletion plays a predominant role in defining the clinical presentation of our child.
Despite the seriousness of the phenotype, neuroradiological study is normal in most patients reported in literature, or it sometimes shows minor dysmorphic anomalies (Lodder et al., 2016; Vernon et al., 2018; Poke et al., 2019). In our patient, a diffuse mild cerebral and cerebellar atrophy was found; such sign has been developed only by one patient, reported in both Lodder et al. (2016) and Poke et al. (2019) papers. We also underline the detection in our patient of nocturnal periodic breathing with numerous desaturations and episodic bradypnea. Sleep apneas have only been reported once by Shao et al. (2019): we can confirm the possible presence of such comorbidity in IDCCA that, along with bradycardia and arrhythmias, points out an autonomic nervous system impairment resulting from GNB5 loss of function.
BCL2L10 and MYO5C genes are also involved in the microdeletion of our case, so that we tried to understand if the homozygous deletion of these genes could modify the phenotype.
BCL2L10 codes for a protein widely expressed in adult tissues, preferentially in the lungs, liver, and kidneys. Overexpression of BCL2L10 suppresses cell apoptosis (Ke et al., 2001). No data are available on the effect of homozygous loss of this gene, so that we can only speculate that the lack of this pro-apoptotic gene could deregulate cell survival process and increase the risk of cancer incidence. Appropriate clinical follow up will be set up for our patient.
MYO5C codifies for type Vc myosin protein, which mediates the transport of several protein complexes such as organelles, vesicles, and mRNAs along actin cables (Hammer and Sellers, 2012). Tissue expression and object transport specificity are peculiar of each myosin V: Myosin Vc is mostly expressed in epithelial and glandular tissues (Rodriguez and Cheney, 2002; Jacobs et al., 2009). So far, no mutation in MYO5C has been linked to a heritable syndrome. The protein myosin Vc is implicated in transport of secretory vesicles. Together with other proteins of the Rab family, myosin Vc is involved in the maturation of melanosomes in skin melanocytes and in retinal pigmented epithelial cells (Bultema et al., 2014), as well as in transferrin trafficking (Rodriguez and Cheney, 2002). Basing on the current knowledge on the gene, no correlation between the biallelic loss of MYO5C protein product and the clinical phenotype of our patient can be hypothesized.
Conclusion
This report describes the first ever reported case carrying a homozygous 15q21.2 deletion encompassing GNB5 and showing a phenotype consistent with that of the patients with homozygous loss-of-function mutation of the gene. We can, therefore, confirm the correlation between the phenotype severity and the absence of G protein β5, as proposed by previous reports that associated homozygous null mutations with IDDCA severe phenotype.
Data Availability Statement
The patient’s dataset is available in the public database DECIPHER (case number 411168).
Ethics Statement
Written informed consent was obtained from the minor(s)’ legal guardian/next of kin for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this manuscript.
Author Contributions
FS interpreted the Array-CGH analysis, conceived and co-wrote the study. CC and SD’A performed the clinical assessment and follow-up of the patient and co-wrote the manuscript. CS helped in studying the case and drafting the manuscript. FF and FG performed the laboratory tests. CP reviewed the manuscript for intellectual content and supervised the work.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We thank the patient and his family for the cooperation during the diagnostic process.
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Keywords: 15q21.2 microdeletion, infantile developmental disorder with cardiac arrhythmias (IDDCA), GNB5, BCL2L10, MYO5C, epileptic encephalopathy, neurodevelopmental diseases
Citation: Sciacca FL, Ciaccio C, Fontana F, Strano C, Gilardoni F, Pantaleoni C and D’Arrigo S (2020) Severe Phenotype in a Patient With Homozygous 15q21.2 Microdeletion Involving BCL2L10, GNB5, and MYO5C Genes, Resembling Infantile Developmental Disorder With Cardiac Arrhythmias (IDDCA). Front. Genet. 11:399. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00399
Received: 17 February 2020; Accepted: 30 March 2020;
Published: 13 May 2020.
Edited by:
Andrew Landstrom, Duke University, United StatesReviewed by:
Natascia Malerba, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza (IRCCS), ItalyElisabeth M. Lodder, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
Copyright © 2020 Sciacca, Ciaccio, Fontana, Strano, Gilardoni, Pantaleoni and D’Arrigo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Claudia Ciaccio, clau.ciaccio@gmail.com; claudia.ciaccio@unimi.it