Morten Wagner Nielsen1,2
Morten Salling Olesen1,2* Lena Refsgaard1,2 Stig Haunsø1,2,3 and Jesper Hastrup Svendsen1,2,3
- 1The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Copenhagen, Denmark
- 2Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- 3Department of Surgery and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Several studies have associated mutations in genes encoding potassium channels and accessory subunits involved in cardiac repolarization with increased susceptibility of atrial fibrillation (AF). Recently, the Krüppel-like factor 15 (Klf15) was found to transcriptionally control rhythmic expression of KChIP2, a critical subunit required for generating the transient outward potassium current (Ito), and that deficiency or excess of Klf15 increased the susceptibility of arrhythmias. On this basis we hypothesized that mutations in Klf15 could be associated with AF. A total of 209 unrelated Caucasian lone AF patients were screened for mutations in Klf15 by direct sequencing. No mutations in the lone AF cohort were found. In one patient we found a synonymous variant (c.36C > T). In NHLBI GO Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) the variant was present in 31 of 4269 Caucasian individuals and in 3 of 2200 African Americans. In our cohort Klf15 was not associated with lone AF.
Introduction
Several studies have associated mutations in genes encoding potassium channels and accessory subunits involved in cardiac repolarization with susceptibility of atrial fibrillation (AF). The majority of mutations identified display a gain-of-function consequence on potassium currents and this, by shortening the cardiac action potential, function as a substrate for re-entry wavelets in the atria and thereby susceptibility to AF (Nattel, 2002). Gain-of-function mutations in KCNQ1 which encodes the α-subunit of IKs (Chen et al., 2003; Hong et al., 2005; Otway et al., 2007; Das et al., 2009; Abraham et al., 2010; Bartos et al., 2011, 2013), in KCNE1-5 which encodes the β-subunits/regulatory units of IKs/Ito (Yang et al., 2004; Lundby et al., 2008; Ravn et al., 2008; Mann et al., 2012; Olesen et al., 2012) and in KCND3 which encodes Kv4.3 contributing to Ito (Mann et al., 2012; Olesen et al., 2013) have been identified. As have mutations in KCNH2 encoding the α-subunit of IKr, in KCNJ2 and KCNJ8 encoding Kir2.1 and Kir6.1 respectively, in KCNA5 encoding Kv1.5 and in ABCC9 encoding KATP channel (Xia et al., 2005; Olson et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2009; Christophersen et al., 2012; Delaney et al., 2012; Mann et al., 2012). In a recent Nature paper by Jeyaraj et al. (2012) the Krüppel-like factor 15 (Klf15) was found to transcriptionally control rhythmic expression of KChIP2, a critical subunit required for generating Ito (Kuo et al., 2001), and that deficiency or excess of Klf15 increased susceptibility of ventricular arrhythmias. All these data definitely suggest that disturbances in cardiac potassium current, whether it is through mutations in α-subunits, β-subunits, or regulatory subunits, play a significant role in the pathogenesis of AF. On this basis we hypothesized that mutations in Klf15, because of its regulatory role of Ito, could be associated with susceptibility of AF.
Materials and Methods
A total of 209 patients were included from eight hospitals in the Copenhagen region of Denmark. Patient records from all in and outpatient activity in the past 10 years with the diagnosis AF were identified and read. Only lone AF patients were included in this study. ECG and clinical information was collected in order to reduce the possibility of undiagnosed heart disease. All patients were Caucasian. The study was approved by the local ethics committee (KF 01313322) and conformed to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Gene analyses were performed using fluorescence-based real-time PCR (ABI PRISM 7900 Sequence Detection System, Applied Biosystems, CA, USA). Primers are available on request.
Results
Clinical characteristics of the AF cohort who fulfilled the inclusion criteria are listed in Table 1. We found no mutations in Klf15 in our AF cohort. In one patient we found a synonymous variant c.36C > T. In NHLBI GO Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) the variant was present in 31 of 4269 Caucasian individuals and in 3 of 2200 African Americans (Andreasen et al., 2013; Exome Variant Server, 2013).
Table 1. Clinical characteristics of the lone AF population (n = 209).
Discussion
This is the first study to examine the genetic variation in Klf15 in a lone AF cohort. Klf15 encodes the Krüppel-like factor 15 and have been shown to elicit a regulatory role on KChIP2 (Jeyaraj et al., 2012). KChIP2 is a critical subunit required for generating the transient outward potassium current (Kuo et al., 2001) and since several mutations in genes contributing to Ito have been associated with AF, it was plausible that mutations in Klf15 could account for some AF incidents. However, we did not find any mutations in Klf15 in our AF cohort, only a synonymous variant present in high number in ESP. In theory, synonymous variants could be pathogenic due to alterations in mRNA folding properties. However, in this case, due to the high prevalence of the found synonymous variant in ESP, this must be regarded merely as a random finding.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
The study was supported by grants from “The John and Birthe Meyer Foundation,” The Arvid Nilsson Foundation, the Director Ib Henriksens Foundation, The Villadsen Family Foundation, and The Stock Broker Henry Hansen and Wife Karla Hansen, born Westergaard, Grant.
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Keywords: lone AF, Klf15, ESP, genetics, mutation
Citation: Nielsen MW, Olesen MS, Refsgaard L, Haunsø S and Svendsen JH (2013) Screening of the Ito regulatory subunit Klf15 in patients with early-onset lone atrial fibrillation. Front. Genet. 4:88. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00088
Received: 08 March 2013; Accepted: 28 April 2013;
Published online: 17 May 2013.
Edited by:
Junjie Xiao, Shanghai University, ChinaCopyright: © 2013 Nielsen, Olesen, Refsgaard, Haunsø and Svendsen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.
*Correspondence: Morten Salling Olesen, Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Section 9312, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Juliane Mariesvej 20, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark. e-mail: morten.salling.olesen@gmail.com