Andrew Bower ^1* Katie Frerker ² Carolyn Pike ³ Nick Labonte ⁴ Brian J. Palik ⁵ Alejandro Royo ⁵ Sarah Anderson ⁶ Arnaldo Ferreira ⁷ Leslie Brandt ¹

• ¹ Office of Sustainability and Climate, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Hamden, United States
• ² Northern Institute of Applied Climate Science, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Hamden, United States
• ³ Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources, USDA Forest Service, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
• ⁴ Eastern Region, USDA Forest Service, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
• ⁵ Northern Research Station, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Hamden, United States
• ⁶ Forest Management, USDA Forest Service, Washington D.C., Washington, United States
• ⁷ Forest Management, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Hamden, United States

Recent and projected changes in climate over this century pose an unprecedented threat to the health, diversity, and productivity of forest ecosystems. Forests have migrated and adapted to long-term changes in climate over thousands to millions of years; however, natural migration rates and adaptive responses of tree populations cannot match the rapid pace of current climate change. Consequently, more climate-informed approaches to reforestation are needed as current reforestation strategies using local seed sources may no longer be adequate to meet forest management objectives. Assisted migration is a climate change adaptation technique that can help maintain the ecosystem services and economic value that forests provide. Forestry assisted migration (FAM) focusses on the movement of populations of widespread, commercially, or ecologically important forest tree species within or just beyond their current ranges as a way to maintain forest productivity and health in the face of climate change. Although the forestry community recognizes FAM as a reforestation tool, guidance for planning and implementation of FAM is lacking and a framework that provides this guidance can prove useful to land managers with limited time and resources available who want to undertake FAM. We developed a practical framework (the FAM Framework) to provide a structured approach to ensure the most important considerations and best available science are utilized by land managers wanting to implement FAM on their land base. The FAM Framework incorporates multiple factors for the application of FAM in four sequential phases: assessment and analysis, climate-based plant material selection, seed procurement and deployment, and documentation and monitoring. The FAM Framework was tested by developing an assisted migration plan for the Superior National Forest, MN and lessons learned from the development of this specific plan were used to revise and improve the FAM Framework for suitability across all lands. While originally designed to meet the needs of National Forest System land managers, it is relevant and applicable across the spectrum of land ownership because it incorporates consideration of critical elements in planning and implementing FAM on any landscape while facilitating adaptive management for active learning and future implementation.