AUTHOR=Ozel Baris , Berk Berkay , Uguz Sirvan Sultan , Grunin Leonid , Oztop Mecit Halil 

TITLE=Correlation of low field nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation with composition and glass transition of hard candies

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Food Science and Technology

VOLUME=4

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/food-science-and-technology/articles/10.3389/frfst.2024.1263380

DOI=10.3389/frfst.2024.1263380

ISSN=2674-1121

ABSTRACT=<p>Hard candies produced from sucrose and doctoring agents such as glucose syrup (GS) and high fructose corn syrup (FS) have been investigated in terms of their final composition, glass transition temperature (T<sub>g</sub>), degree of crystallinity, total soluble solids (TSS) content and water activity (a<sub>w</sub>). Time domain (TD) <sup>1</sup>H NMR longitudinal relaxation time (T<sub>1</sub>) and second moment (M<sub>2</sub>) measurements have been used to understand the glassy state and crystallization characteristics for different hard candy formulations. The investigated candies include sucrose as the main sugar component. Different levels of doctoring agents have been mixed with sucrose to obtain products with different characteristics. It has been shown that addition of any doctoring agent to sucrose formulations decreases the T<sub>g</sub> of the system significantly (<italic>p</italic><inline-formula id="inf1"><mml:math id="m1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>≤</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> 0.05). Furthermore, GS or FS addition also induce significant changes in TSS and a<sub>w</sub>. T<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>2</sub> results are almost parallel to each other, both reaching the highest values for the highest sucrose concentration (<italic>p</italic><inline-formula id="inf2"><mml:math id="m2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>≤</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> 0.05). The results demonstrate that the glass transition and crystallization characteristics of hard candy formulations can be monitored and analyzed by TD NMR relaxometry, alternative to other frequently used conventional methods including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction.</p>