Fanchao Zeng ¹ Jinwei Sun ¹ Huihui Zhang ¹ Lizhen Yang ¹ Xiaoxue Zhao ¹ Jing Zhao ² Xiaodong Bo ¹ Yuxin Cao ¹ Fuqi Yao ¹ Fenghui Yuan ^3*

• ¹ Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
• ² Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
• ³ University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, United States

Soil respiration (SR), the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from soil due to the decomposition of organic matter and root respiration, is an important indicator for understanding agricultural carbon cycling and assessing anthropogenic impacts on the environment. Hyperspectral remote sensing offers a potential rapid, non-destructive approach for monitoring in agriculture. however, it remains uncertain whether hyperspectral remote sensing can provide an accurate and efficient method for estimating SR rate in croplands, particularly across different maize growth stages of under varying drought conditions.In the study, we investigated the potential of combining hyperspectral remote sensing data with machine learning model (ML) to quantify SR rate in croplands. A drought field experiment was conducted, and SR and hyperspectral imagery were collected during four maize growth stages: Jointing Stage (JS), Tasseling Stage (TS), Flowering Stage (FS), and Grain Filling Stage (GFS). We compared the performance of traditional multivariate linear regression (MLR) with that of an ML model (extreme gradient boosting, XGBoost), in simulating SR rate across these four growth stages. Our findings demonstrated that the simulation of the XGBoost model, utilizing soil temperature (𝑇 ! ) and hyperspectral data, outperformed the MLR model. Across different growth stages, the SR simulated by the XGBoost model (R² = 0.8103) was more reliable than that of the MLR model (R² = 0.7451). The XGBoost model can also effectively capture the impact of drought treatments on SR. The XGBoost model's tree-based structure allows it to effectively capture complex interactions and nonlinear patterns within variables, while its high sensitivity to changes in SR rates under drought conditions makes it more reliable for modeling SR across different growth stages compared to the linear-based MLR model. This study highlights the great promise of ML combined with hyperspectral imaging in predicting SR rate in croplands, which will help guide future agricultural management and environmental informatics.