AUTHOR=Hu Yuxia , Zhu Yunhao , Hu Dun , Zhou Na , Xiu Lei , Li Weihua , Xie Jiaqi , Zhang Yiming , Yan Pu 

TITLE=Rapid identification of bacteria in water by multi-wavelength transmittance spectroscopy and the artificial neural network

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Environmental Science

VOLUME=11

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1274605

DOI=10.3389/fenvs.2023.1274605

ISSN=2296-665X

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Background:</bold> Multi-wavelength transmittance spectroscopy, in combination with the artificial neural network, has been a novel tool used to identify and classify microorganisms in recent years.</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold> In our work, the transmittance spectra in the region from 200 to 900 nm for four bacterial species of interest, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> (<italic>E. coli</italic>), <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (<italic>S. aureus</italic>), <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> (<italic>K.pneumoniae</italic>), and <italic>Salmonella typhimurium</italic> (<italic>S. typhi</italic>), were recorded using an ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer. Considering too much redundant data on the full-wave band spectra, the characteristic wavelength variables were selected using the competitive adaptive reweighting sampling (CARS) algorithm. Spectra of the initial training set of these targeted microorganisms were used to create identification models representing the spectral variability of each species using four kinds of neural networks, namely, backpropagation (BP), radial basis function network (RBF), generalized regression neural network (GRNN), and probabilistic neural network (PNN).</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> The blinded isolate spectra of targeted species were identified using the four identification models given above. Compared to fullband modeling, after using CARS to screen the wavelength variables, four identification models are established for the 35 preferred characteristic wavelengths, and the prediction performance of the four models is notably improved. Among them, the CARS–PNN model is the best, and the identification rates of all targeted bacteria were achieved with 100% accuracy; the calculation time is just approximately 0.04 s.</p><p><bold>Discussion:</bold> The use of CARS can effectively remove useless information from the spectra, reduce model complexity, and enhance model prediction performance. Multi-wavelength transmission spectroscopy, combined with the CARS–PNN method, can provide a new method for the rapid detection of bacteria in water and could be readily extended for bacterial microbiological detection in blood and food.</p>