AUTHOR=Duque-Sarango Paola , Delgado-Armijos Nicole , Romero-Martínez Leonardo , Pinos-Vélez Verónica 

TITLE=Assessing the potential of ultraviolet irradiation for inactivating waterborne fungal spores: kinetics and photoreactivation studies

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Environmental Science

VOLUME=11

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1212807

DOI=10.3389/fenvs.2023.1212807

ISSN=2296-665X

ABSTRACT=<p>Ultraviolet disinfection has been extensively studied in recent years, especially in bacteria; however, there are still insufficient studies in fungal spores. Moreover, most studies use static batch reactors instead of continuous flow reactors, which are used mainly at the industrial scale. In the present work, the inactivation and reactivation characteristics of two species of filamentous fungi were studied using a single-pass flow-through UV-C reactor (FTR). For this purpose, <italic>Aspergillus niger</italic> and <italic>Penicillium</italic> sp. spores were suspended in water and circulated through the reactor at different UV-C doses. The effects on inactivation and reactivation after 24 in either light or dark conditions were studied. The two fungal strains studied show different UV-C treatment resistance and damage repair capacity. With the experimented FTR system, an inactivation efficiency of up to 2 log units (99% removal) was achieved with doses of 220.1 ± 24.3 <inline-formula id="inf1"><mml:math id="m1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">J</mml:mi><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">c</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> in the case of <italic>Aspergillus niger</italic> and 123.8 ± 6.3 <inline-formula id="inf2"><mml:math id="m2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">J</mml:mi><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">c</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> in the case of <italic>Penicillium</italic> sp. The effect of dark repair is negligible, while the photoreactivation process is relevant in the case of <italic>Penicillium</italic> sp., since D<sub>2</sub> increased by 53.8% just after UV-C exposure due to photoreactivation. In general, <italic>A. niger</italic> is more UV-C resistant than <italic>Penicillium</italic> sp.; however, the latter has a greater capacity to photoreactivate.</p>