Ibrahim Al-Sulaiti- Newcastle Business School, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Mega shopping malls technology-enabled services influence tourists shopping behavior as Jumbo malls offer a broader range of products and services with innovative features that impacts revisit intentions. This study’s novelty is the research on mega shopping malls as literature lacs it. Travel, leisure, and tourism sectors have gained balanced attention, and scholars have contributed with academic research perspectives. Mega malls in modern cities attract tourists that help foster economic development with revisit intentions. Technology-enabled products influence sustainable tourists’ experiences. Despite broad investigative studies on tourists’ experiences, literature shows little regarding tourists’ shopping experiences in mega shopping malls that lead to reviewing tourist destination choices. This narrative research explores how shopping malls attributes influence tourists’ behavioral intentions in mega malls’ shopping environments that satisfy them for revisiting intentions in the future. Doha city is an economic hub that plays a crucial role in the economic and social development of the region. The city lies on the sea and has many mega shopping malls that offer technology-enabled products and services to attract regional and global tourists. It boosts sustainable economic activities, climate change, and environmental protection concerns. The city of Doha oscillates widespread beaches, and its mega shopping malls are famous as tourist attractions for domestic, regional, and global travelers. As an independent and economically affluent country, it has its take on attracting tourists. The study aimed to examine the revisiting behavior of Doha tourists with destination revisit intentions. A pleasant shopping experience in sizeable technology-enabled shopping malls is critical for tourist satisfaction. The trust, perceived value, and environmental effects affect tourists’ revisit intentions. Other factors include high spirits, excitement, new tourist destinations, and visiting friends. External factors include a preference for natural and historical destinations, technology-enabled facilities, infrastructure, safety, affordability, comfort, budget range, and sociocultural factors. The study recommends future inquiries based on factors that empirically test mega malls’ technology-enabled product effects on tourists’ behaviors. The findings not only contribute to tourists’ experiences in mega shopping malls and revisit intention literature but also provide implications’ for officials and policymakers to articulate policies that promote tourists’ mega-mall shopping experiences and destinations.
Introduction
The tourism industry has gained scholars proportionate attention in recent years with academic research perspectives worldwide (Aman et al., 2021; Li et al., 2021; Aman et al., 2022; Fu 2022; Mamirkulova and Mi. 2022). Mega shopping malls in big modern cities have attracted local and global tourists fostering economic development and revisiting intentions (Lebni et al., 2020; Li et al., 2022; Anser et al., 2020; Bhutto et al., 2021; Yu et al., 2022). Tourists revisit choices and mega-mall shopping centers research has become the subject of greater attention for the tourism scholars that contribute broadly to the literature related to the tourism sector and mega malls as it develops entrepreneurial networks (Latif et al., 2020). This research field fascinates strategies to understand global tourists’ revisit intentions and memorable experiences in mega-malls. More predominantly, various factors aid antecedents of the tourists revisiting behavioral choices to choose a travel terminus, which is identical hard-hitting, as it deals with the human behavior and psychology, that is, highly prickly in understanding visitors’ intentions (Fishbein et al., 1977; Ajzen 1991; Giraldi and Cesareo 2014; Lai and Hitchcock 2016; MacInnis and Jaworski 2018; Parasuraman et al., 2018). Past studies broadly examined tourists’ revisit intentions and travel behavior by proposing various applicable models in the tourism sector to enhance tourists’ satisfaction globally (Sirgy et al., 1997; Usakli and Baloglu 2011; Tasci and Gartner 2016). Still, the literature lacks the clarity to determine tourists’ satisfaction and revisit intentions in the mega-malls around destinations (Rabbiosi, 2015; Ramesh and Jaunky, 2021). This study aims at exploring tourist rethinking and visit preferences in the mega-malls in Doha, Qatar (Durmaz et al., 2022; Pan et al., 2021; Ramesh and Jaunky, 2021; Stylos et al., 2016; Tavitiyaman et al., 2021; Kiryluk and Glińska 2015).
Tourism industry help generate production with innovative ways that fosters local economy (Hussain S. T. et al., 2017; Aman et al., 2019; Hussain et al., 2019; Hussain et al., 2021). The circular economy model describes production and consumption based on ways to reuse, share, lease, repair, recycle and refurbish available materials to produce products within the possible resources (Alhawari et al., 2021). The CE model addresses global challenges like energy consumption, environmental and climate change issues and biodiversity loss. Thus, CE aims to manage wastage resulting from design-based implementation (Awan et al., 2020; Paulson et al., 2021; Farzadfar et al., 2022). It primarily emphasizes the three fundamental principles of the model (Awan 2019). These three principles needed to transition to a circular economy include eliminating waste and pollution, recycling products and materials, and regenerating nature (Anser et al., 2020). Past literature has identified environmental, waste, and pollution challenges in response to tourism activities (Begum et al., 2021; Ikram et al., 2021).
In a country with a population of 2.8 million, the number of visitors to Jumbo shopping malls is massive. The mega shopping malls in Qatar are the central shopping places in the country (Anjum et al., 2017). Apart from small traditional shopping centers with less capacity and cultural use, these malls are Qatar’s leading and perhaps the only comprehensive shopping venues (Li et al., 2022). Therefore, it is imperative to study consumer behavior visiting these mega-malls and leadership to manage this task (Hussain T. et al., 2017; Mubeen et al., 2020; Azizi et al., 2021). Understanding tourist behavior is an crucial topic for academics and businesses (Cohen et al., 2013; Durmaz et al., 2022; Lin et al., 2022; Nikitina and Vorontsova, 2015; Pearce, 2018; Juvan et al., 2017). The jumbo shopping malls, offer a one-stop-shop (Nasim and Shamshir 2016). It can help scholars further investigate tourists’ behavior by observing their purchasing habits and attitudes in these mega-malls in Doha, Qatar (Anandkumar 2016; Anser et al., 2020; Awan et al., 2020; Bhutto et al., 2021; Latif et al., 2020). Past literature evidenced that shopping malls stimulate consumer activity in large cities through innovative products and services (Jaffar et al., 2019a; Jaffar et al., 2019b). It leads to generating tourism activities by attracting tourists for revisits (Oh 2007; Filipovic et al., 2012; Wongkerd 2017). Jumbo shopping malls are growing in importance and play a vital role in consumers’ lifestyles (Calvo-Porral and Lévy-Mangín 2018). As the latter states, the demand for commercial mega shopping malls has increased over the past decades, both for purchasing purposes and for social interaction with family and friend (Wongkerd 2017).
With the exponential growth in the number of shopping malls in Doha, this city has emerged as an ideal place to visit. The tourists flow during the summer seasons has increased, and they revisit these mega-malls for shopping (García-Buades et al., 2022; Jangra et al., 2021; Jeong et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2019). This investigation contributes to the literature on consumer behavior and tourists’ perceptions of mega-malls in Doha (Wong and Lai, 2021; Zhang et al., 2020). Regarding the case of Doha, mega-malls overwhelm tourists’ shopping experience in Qatar for several reasons (Al Sulaiti et al., 2005; Hu et al., 2022; Kim et al., 2023; Sulaiti et al., 2006). The jumbo shopping malls offer convenience, comprehensiveness, and cost-effectiveness (Abaalzamat et al., 2021; Durmaz et al., 2022; Joo et al., 2019; Khajehshahkoohi et al., 2022; Rasoolimanesh et al., 2021). It makes Doha city a place to discuss consumer behavior and tourist shopping habits (Bayih and Singh, 2020; De-Juan-Vigaray et al., 2021; Tavitiyaman et al., 2021; Torres-Moraga et al., 2021; Zaman and Aktan, 2021). It has gained scholars’ attention and become an exciting topic for tourists’ revisit intentions (2016; Peter and Anankumar 2016).
Concerning the case of Doha, economic development has grown in recent years, which has increased the number of mega-malls, and the country has seen a boom. Now, Qatar has become a jumbo shopping malls friendly country (2020). Despite the criticisms, the state authorities have not discouraged developers (Bayih and Singh, 2020; De-Juan-Vigaray et al., 2021; Tavitiyaman et al., 2021; Torres-Moraga et al., 2021; Zaman and Aktan, 2021). They approved the expansion of such mega-malls in this small country. In 2019, Qatar opened over 20 shopping malls (2020). In Doha, the development work continues, and some projects are close to completion. The Mall of Qatar (MoQ), City Center, Villaggio, Doha Festival, and Tawar Mall present one of the most significant developments in the shopping center landscape in Qatar. These places serve as the best available shopping malls. Zooming in on these statistics shows that the groups of tourists visiting these mega malls are diverse and may have particular sophistication about their shopping destination of choice, such as the UK and Budapest (TripAdvisor 2019). It may have reflected the mall’s popularity with shoppers from all walks of life in Qatar, including those in the region, including other customers in the US and Europe. Consumer retail sales and trade patterns in Qatar propose its ranking stands 73rd in the world. It is conceivable that the number of visitors to Qatar’s shopping malls may also increase in the future (Surge, 2014).
This research paper contributes to the fresh literature on tourist shopping experiences in Doha mega-malls (Durmaz et al., 2022; Joo et al., 2019; Khajehshahkoohi et al., 2022; Rasoolimanesh et al., 2021). The study addresses the identified literature gap on mega-shopping malls in the context of Qatar. The findings have expanded the generalizability of tourists’ revisit intentions. The jumbo shopping mall typically stimulates tourists’ revisit intentions due to the broader range of products. For instance, tourists’ social interaction and communication with friends, malls enjoyable environment, a wide range of products and services, sales promotions, convenience, and a lovely weather environment (Cohen et al., 2013; Jung et al., 2021; Kim et al., 2023; Lin et al., 2022; Park et al., 2019). These mega-malls characteristics create tourists’ satisfaction, joy, and emotional spark, which leads to travel motivation and revisit intention (Kim et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2020; Moosavi Heris et al., 2022; Shim and Santos, 2014; Wen and Huang, 2021). The study formulated its grounds on the implications of the Stimuli-Organism-Response (SOR) theory and explored tourist behavior and their revisit intentions (Abaalzamat et al., 2021; Al-Sulaiti et al., 2021; Hewei and Youngsook, 2022; Hossain and Rahman, 2022; Wu et al., 2021).
In the context of Doha, Qatar, this review study is the first to explore the effects of mega shopping malls that offer technology-enabled facilities for visitors and global tourists. This study has addressed this identified literature gap. It contributes to the body of fresh literature on tourists’ experiences in the Jumbo shopping malls that provide state-of-the-art facilities under one roof. This present paper offers valuable insights into bridging the identified literature gaps in the context of mega-malls in Qatar and describes how jumbo shopping malls attract tourists and stimulate their revisit intentions. The study discussed tourists purchasing satisfaction and memorable experiences. The study provides further research directions to focus on the recent trends and transformations in the globalized circular economy regarding tourism consumption, tourists’ behavior, and the factors that stimulate tourists to revisit intentions. In addition, future studies can concentrate on the Gulf Region to evaluate the effects of the large shopping malls that provide technology-enabled products and services for their customers. The market of Qatar was worth over 1.2 billion US dollars and ranked seventh in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in 2015 (Alkailani & Abu-Shanab, 2021). Qatar has a young urban population, and residents use technology-enabled products and services that provide valuable advantages to tourists. The present study explores the influence of tourists’ motivation, perceived risks, technology awareness, trust in technology-enabled facilities, memorable shopping experiences, and revisits intentions.
Literature review
The literature review aims to achieve two primary goals. The first goal is to familiarize readers with general knowledge and understanding of the main concepts of this study, which are tourism, mega shopping malls, tourists behavior, shopping experiences, and revisit intentions. The review concludes with a critical description and the connection between built concepts with the underlying theory, stimulus-organism-response (SOR). The second goal is to guide the reader through the reading journey, allowing them to understand the research protocol of the present research and how these concepts are connected to exploring tourists shopping experiences and revisiting intentions. Table 1 below shows some of the most cited studies by June 2022.
TABLE 1. Top 14 most cited articles of all time in hospitality and tourism journals by June 2022.
Table 1 shows the most cited studies in leading tourism and hospitality journals. The studies covered tourists’ behavior, shopping experiences, satisfaction, and revisit intentions.
Tourism: Overview and concepts
Tourism has many characteristics that distinguish it from other activities. Tourism is a phenomenon of movement, or temporary travel, carried out by several individuals who belong to different countries. Tourism may be internal in the same region or external from one country to another (Shoib et al., 2021). There are also differences in the time of areas for tourism activities. Several factors influence tourists’ behavior. For instance, the country’s laws visited by the tourists, the desire to stay, and the extent of the country’s influence matter. Tourism attracts visitors to reside/stay as long as possible. The money factor is also critical, which may influence the length or shortness of the tourism period (Kristiana et al., 2021). The tourist is considered an essential factor in raising the general income level of the country because he is viewed as the consumer of the host country. Travel is often for rest, entertainment, and self-entertainment, the so-called satisfaction of psychological needs. Tourism is also vital in strengthening relations, friendship, and understanding between peoples of different countries. Tourism provides many benefits for both tourist destinations and reception sites. It represents one of the crucial industries contributing to boosting the state’s income and the private sector and helps the tourism industry find plenty of job opportunities in many fields such as hotels, car rental offices, restaurants, souvenir shops, service stations, and others.
Tourists
The tourist definition describes “any person who travels from his place of residence to another place for some time no longer than 12 months, provided that the purpose of travel is not financial gain.” (2021). It explains that each tourist is a traveler, but not each traveler is a tourist. In 1953, the United Nations Statistical Commission defined visitors as “Non-residents who intended to stay for a year or less without practicing a profession in the country they live in.” (2021). The United Nations Conference on Kinetic Travel Facilities held in 1954 reached the definition of a tourist as follows. “Every person without distinction of race, gender, language or religion enters the region of a state party to an agreement other than the country where he used to reside. The tourist stays for a time of no less than 24 h, more than 6 months, and that within 12 months for legitimate purposes other than immigration” (2021).
The tourist behavior
Concerning the tourist concept, tourists are also considered customers when visiting shopping malls. Understanding the concept of “customer” is the boss. A customer is defined as “a person who buys goods or services for money.” (Datta 2016). It is worth noting that a customer usually does not have a long-term relationship with the business from which he buys goods and services. A company, organization, or country characterizes a customer as a person or business that purchases goods or services produced. The terms “customer” and “consumer” are almost synonymous, as customers are defined by their purchase of goods or contracts for services, consumers or end-users. Since the term is commonly used, the customer is the final consumer of the product. Consumer behavior is “the process of collecting, organizing and processing information about purchasing decisions while comparing products and services”.
It is also defined as “The set of behaviors that occur by individuals, and it is related to purchasing goods and services and the decision-making process. Individuals need to search for product information, compare them, and talk to sales staff”. The stages of consumer behavior involve looking for, acquiring, using, appraising, and organizing products and services. Juvan, Omerzel, and Maravić (2017) stated that consumers want to maximize the benefits versus the time spent in the purchase process. Several factors influence the consumer’s behavior, including but not limited to social, cultural, psychological, personal, and economic. Peter and Olson (2002) defined a model to study tourist behavior by focusing on the flow of information. The latter authors stated that consumer behavior is a cognitive approach where consumers rationally solve their problems. (Erasmus et al., 2001) cited that to study consumer behavior. It is essential to consider the situations and products. Their model includes assessing the risk in the decision-making process before the purchase and identifying all the steps that will occur afterward.
Tourist shopping behavior
Tourist behavior expresses the sightseer’s behavior as “the result of his reaction to the external environment, such as his satisfaction, desire or taste, as well as his behavior related to the desired activity” (Juvan et al., 2017). Another definition defines it as “Tourist behavior in the context of consumer behavior in the purchase, uptake, and abandonment of tourist services” (Vuuren and Slabbert 2011a). Tourism behavior explains the definition as “all direct and indirect behaviors, carried out by tourists. It starts from thinking of leaving his place of residence for some time, more than a day and less than a year. By determining the time, method, and means of his travel, and returning to his actual place of residence to adapt, harmonize and deal with the requirements of the environment, and finally, the return accompanied by consent or not (Vuuren and Slabbert 2011b).
In addition, to put it simply, the tourist’s behavior indicates the behavior produced by the internal or external stimuli when the tourist is looking for, buying and using tourist commodities, and he expects to satisfy his own needs and desires based on available purchasing capacity. It shows that the behavior of tourists may vary according to their characteristics and types. Nonetheless, following the emergence of the field of scientific research, researchers’ interest in studying behavior in general and tourist behavior, in particular, has increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. On the other hand, behavior does not refer to individual behavior. The relationship between the individual and the group is that his responses are different from other people’s responses, different from other ages, cultural and economic factors control general behavior patterns, especially the behavior of tourists, control distinct aspects of tourists’ behavior (Prayag et al., 2017). On the other hand, the behavioral practices employed by individuals and groups are not random in expression but are embodied in the structural framework that guides them.
The tourist purchasing process
First, it should be agreed that tourist behavior is inseparable from human behavior and is an integral part of consumer behavior. However, the behavior of tourists has characteristics derived from the nature of tourism services (Wong and Wan 2013; Cherryand and Producer 2020). The same factors and pressures that influence consumer behavior in general also affect this behavior. Whether these factors are psychological, external, or marketing, make the process of interpreting the behavior of the tourist consumer. The study explores how tourists decide to book hotel services, and choose a particular tourist destination from the complex issues, due to the overlapping and intertwining of influencing factors (Fowler et al., 2012). The advantages of distinguishing tourism and hotel services are directly reflected in the demand patterns of tourists and the diversity of participants involved in purchasing decisions, resulting in complex and diverse behavior patterns and the variety of travel patterns. Travel consumers have apparent behaviors when requesting travel products, services, or items, which often lead to the same satisfaction (Swarbrooke and Horner 2007; Mosalev 2020). This preference is the so-called purchasing behavior of travel consumers, which can be predicted in several ways, such as by observing or recognizing behavioral patterns and their various applications.
• Definition of Decision: The word-final decision means the will of the decision-maker about what to do and what not to do to reach a specific situation and to a specific and final outcome. The decision can also be defined as the optimal alternative chosen by the decision-maker from among the available options to solve a problem (Jaakkola 2007).
• Purchasing Decision: The purchase decision is defined as the decision of the potential buyer to purchase a good or service in order to satisfy a need or achieve a desire, after judging the characteristics of the offer (Yuksel, 2007a).
• The purchasing decision-making process for the tourist consumer: The purchasing decision-making process is generally defined as the procedure through which consumers collect information, analyze it, and choose between alternatives. It is also known as a set of coordinated measures that are taken to meet the needs (Yuksal, 2007b).
Based on the above arguments, the purchase decision process can be defined as the purchase of tourism consumers is a rational process and rational behavior, and tourists follow logical steps to choose the most suitable tourism destination from the available alternatives. Under the environment and surrounding conditions, according to the income, for tourism and leisure experience, travel outside the original place of residence, tourism and leisure life (Lee et al., 2020).
Shopping malls
The culture of the shopping center has become a vast business sector in our world today, as, within these centers, a large number of stores offer the public many products and services (Garcia-Milon et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2022; Shim and Santos, 2014; Tan and Ooi, 2018; Vu et al., 2022). In 1928, The Arcade Providence opened in Rhode Island. This building introduced the concept of a shopping center to the United States for the first time. However, the idea was not new if one took into account the Grand Bazaar of Isfahan, and this multi-store has been in operation in Iran since the 17th century and is beginning the history of malls so to speak (2019; Mehdipour and Nia 2013). Since ancient times, the cities have been known for their markets, where all social classes meet. People’s values, customs, and traditions are reflected, so the Arabs have been known since ancient times for the marketplace, the arena of poetry and rhetoric, not just trade and exchange of interests. Despite its modernity, the commercial center has become one of the most prominent landmarks of the contemporary city and one of the most attractive places for its inhabitants. However, the role these centers play in shaping the fabric of urban life remains the subject of criticism and debate (Moosavi Heris, et al.2022; Shim and Santos, 2014; Kokaili 2010; Chen et al., 2020).
Purpose and objectives of malls
Past studies have investigated and identified three types of objectives for shopping malls, such as economical, humanitarian, and cultural (Kim et al., 2011; Lloyd et al., 2011; Park et al., 2019; Moscardo 2004; Lehew and Wesley 2007; Wongkred 2017), as given below:
- Economic Objectives: When such a project is successful and developed, it mainly benefits the project owner as they achieve desirable returns. These projects benefit the entire country as they contribute to the domestic economy and exist in major centers. Malls attract tourists when it is close to hotels and tourist attractions.
- Humanitarian and Social Goals: Serving residents and tourists of the city, these centers bring together all buyers’ needs under one roof, thus saving buyers energy and time and gaining psychological comfort. Such programs also help hire unemployed workers and employees.
- Cultural Objectives: The business center is not anyone’s patent. All levels of society people have access to these large shopping malls. Whether the buyers are from the general public, educated, young people, or adults, this leads to the conflation of the educated class with the public, thus raising the general cultural level of the country. Commercial centers are considered attractive for foreign tourists with different cultures and customs. Therefore, the mix of foreign tourists may affect citizens’ general culture and provide all requirements for buyers and their sources, thereby increasing citizens’ culture.
- Mega Malls must facilitate a set of attributes to be considered worth visiting by shoppers. Authors such as (Prayag et al,2017b; Asadifard 2019; Wongkred 2017; Yuksel 2007a).
Many foundations must be taken into account when establishing these shopping malls. Table 1 summarized it as follows.
Table 2 shows characteristics and description of the shopping malls for tourism.
TABLE 2. Characteristics and description of the shopping malls for tourism.
Malls and the tourist experience
As stated previously, the studies specific to Mega Malls’ impact on the tourist experience are lacking (Jung et al., 2021; Kim et al., 2023; Lin et al., 2022; Mehdipour and Nia, 2013; Wu et al., 2021). Most past studies focused on the shopping experience in general and did not link it directly to the mega-malls (MMs) attributes (Cohen et al., 2013; De-Juan-Vigaray et al., 2021; Durmaz et al., 2022; Kim et al., 2023; Ramesh and Jaunky, 2021). A few studies now focus on shopping malls such as (Kim, 2010; Peter and Anankumar, 2016; Amin et al., 2020). Many of the tourist experience and revisit intentions studies used SOR as a grounding theory along with other supporting approaches, including Memorable Tourist Experience (MTE) and the Tourist Shopping Experience (TSE) (Peter and Anankumar 2016; Jeong et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2021). Outside the tourism realm, many studies linked SOR to the shopping experience and online shopping experience (Othman et al., 2016; Bigne et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2020; Lee and Min, 2021).
Mega shopping malls attributes
In the study of (Peter and Anandkumar 2016), the SOR model was used to measure the level of tourists’ satisfaction concerning shopping in the locations included in the Dubai Shopping Festival (Hewei and Youngsook, 2022; Jung et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2022; Tavitiyaman et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2021). Dubai Shopping Festival (DSF) promotes various shopping locations, including shopping malls (Bayih and Singh, 2020; Durmaz et al., 2022; Joo et al., 2019; Rasoolimanesh et al., 2021; Zaman and Aktan, 2021). The authors had different convenience attributes for six shopping malls and places, including mall amenities, mall services, staff services, product prices, and product range. The characteristics also included physical features in the malls such as decor, air conditioning, cleanliness, spaciousness, and safety procedures (Peter and Anankumar 2016). The study concluded that malls’ attributes, mall atmosphere, safety, mall amenities, product range, and staff service positively influence overall tourists’ shopping experience (Hu et al., 2022; Jung et al., 2021; Khajehshahkoohi et al., 2022; Kim et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2019). However, it is not easy to generalize the findings of this study because the criterion of tourists’ choice remained unclarified, and tourist types remained unidentified. In addition, the study did not use any moderators and did not classify the variables under the different elements of SOR. The study focused on the overall shopping experience concerning the physical attributes of the shopping locations. It did not go beyond that by explaining the impact of that on revisit intentions.
The tourist shopping experience
There is a great diversity and complexity in the motives. It can influence the decision of the tourist or consumer to buy. Reasons are challenging to define and deal with in marketing research due to their limited practical applications (Cinjarevic et al., 2017). Essentially, research into motives focuses on transaction motives, usually related to the reasons that drive consumers to shop from a particular store (Sundström et al., 2014). For example, consumers’ motives can be divided into price attractiveness, ease of use, and service quality, among many other motives (Kinley et al., 2015). The motive is the stimulus or the internal motivator that pushes the consumer to satisfy a specific need (Nunthiphat 2017). Thus, motives are related to the existence of goals, given that goals may be positive or negative and high or low. Still, in all cases, the need must reach a sufficient level of urgency to be considered a motivator (Cinjarevic et al., 2017). Sometimes the requirements may be latent (unmotivated) and therefore not a driver of consumer behavior. The sources of stimuli may be endogenous (such as feeling hungry), situational (such as watching an advertisement for a Big Mac sandwich), or psychological (just thinking about food can cause feeling hungry (Boulhosa and Casais, 2019; Çavusoglu et al., 2021).
Tourist perceived value
The study of Choi et al. (2017) examined the influence of trust in a shopping destination on the value of that destination as perceived by tourist shoppers. The study used Shopping Destination Trust (SDT) and the Multidimensional Perceived Value (MPV) theories to support its objectives further. The study used gender as moderating effect among the shoppers; however, it was clearly distinguished in the results section why this choice was made without proper justification of such a choice. This study was limited to a single geographic area in one shopping center in Hong Kong without a clear explanation of the selection of the center. It is important to mention also that gender was used only on one variable. Other attributes such as income were not used or mentioned (Choi et al., 2017). In his study (HKIS, 2017), Prayag tested an integrative model linking tourists’ emotional experiences, perceived overall image, satisfaction, and intention to recommend the shopping destination. The study focused on the tourist experience in general without specifying the tourist type or interests. The study Lacked demographic data about the tourists in the study context and used a small sample of 77 participants only, making the results hard to generalize (Prayag et al., 2017).
The tourist revisit intentions and shopping experience
In tourism studies, the behavioral intention of the tourist is an essential concept for understanding the choice of tourism products and the future motives for the tourist’s behavior (Hunkoo and Ittoo, 2013; Shen, 2016). Discussing the tourist’s behavioral intentions means the future, expected, approved, and planned behavior. That is, there is an intention to prepare to perform a specific behavior, that is, the basis for actual conduct. People who have a stronger intention to activate an overt behavior are more likely to achieve it (Amin et al., 2020). Behavioral intentions represent self-instruction to perform specific actions or to obtain particular results. The concept of the tourist’s behavioral intentions refers to the planned future behavior of the tourist as an indicator of his actual expected behavior according to previous assessments of the tourist destination. Researchers have reviewed tourism studies and research. They have shown that the issue of tourist’s behavioral intentions is an essential topic in the field of academic research, as many researchers have adopted multiple dimensions in their studies, such as re-visiting, loyalty, and the desire to recommend to others through the positive spoken word (Chen and Chen, 2010; Amin et al., 2020).
In the study of Chen et al. (2020), a measure for the mechanism of MTEs, fun, and revisit intentions of outbound Chinese tourists was conducted. The study used memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) and Stimulus Organism Response (SOR) to examine its objectives and used SEM approach to perform the quantitative research. The study found that satisfaction associated with the shopping experience might encourage the revisit of the destination. However, the study was not cross-cultural; it focused only on one of the Chinese nationals. In addition, the study did not include culture and habits; it was limited to the psychological factors that affect MREs (Chen et al., 2020).
Stimulus organism response
After reviewing various previous studies from the tourism realm, tourist behavior investigations, and the shopping industry, several theories were checked. Most of those theories discuss and present somewhat similar variables and concepts in this study. Some of the theories reviewed are used to examine the overall tourist behavior. For instance, the Economic Theory of Tourist behavior (Tyrrell and Johnston 2006; Song et al., 2012; Mosalev 2020); the Instinctive Theory of McDougall could limit the evaluation of tourist behavior to emotional responses and emotional stimuli (Cherry 2020). The Memorable Tourism Experience (MTE), which is widely, used in tourist behavior studies; however, it often generalizes the tourism experience to the entire visit and not to a specific aspect (Chen et al., 2020; Kim et al., 2020). On the other hand, the Stimuli-Organism-Response theory is widely used in retail studies for traditional shopping experience reviews as a review tool for consumers’ purchase decision-making processes and behavior (Othman et al., 2016; Bigne et al., 2019; Jeong et al., 2020). It is also extensively used in online shopping behavior and how people are driven for online purchases using various variables and moderators with a prime focus on the convenience of online shopping and the ease of use of those websites (Zimmerman 2017; Bigne et al., 2019; Sarılgan et al., 2022; Talwar et al., 2022). The flexibility of this theory and its ability to obtain various variables–often used in different supporting theories–is the reason for choosing it as the grounding theory in this study. Table 3 below explains the variables selected for this study and their positioning within the SOR model.
TABLE 3. SOR Theory elements.
Methodology
The methodology of this review study consisted of a comprehensive search strategy of the past review that identified and collected studies related to tourists shopping experiences in mega shopping malls, their satisfaction, and revisit intentions. The study collected various theories associated with this research topic and the SOR theory’s main implications. This study involved three experts in the tourism field. The study used the keywords tourists’ shopping experiences, satisfaction, joy, shopping malls, and revisit intentions when formulating the literature review research strategy in the various electronic databases. Theories included the SOR theory (Stimuli-Organism-Response), and the theory of planned behavior, as a grounding theory, along with other supporting theories, such as Memorable Tourist Experience (MTE) and (Tourist Shopping Experience (TSE) (Peter and Anankumar 2016; Jeong et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2021). Outside the tourism realm, many studies linked SOR to the shopping experience and online shopping experience (Othman et al., 2016; Bigne et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2020; Lee and Min, 2021). In tourism research, scholars have applied the SOR model in many past studies. More specifically, the past studies’ model used this theory’s implications to examine human behavior that focuses on pre-tour, during-tour, and post-tour tourists’ behavior. Research studies applied the SOR theory for tourism planning and intentions research (Kim et al., 2020; Lee and Min 2021; Tian et al., 2021).
In the next step, the study adapted selected keywords and transformed them to apply Boolean phases. It included: (“SOR,” or “Stimuli-Organism-Response,” or “TSE,” or “Tourist Shopping Experience,” or “Memorable Tourist Experience,” or “MTE,” or “shopping experience,” or “tourists satisfaction,” or “shopping malls” or “revisit intentions” or “reasoned action” or “TRA” or “theory of reasoned action.” The search of this review utilized mainly five primary databases (Web of Science™, Dissertations; ABI/INFORM; EBSCOhost™; PubMed, and SCOPUS™). The study engaged three experts and a librarian and reviewed the overall search procedure independently. The review conducted ancestral searches and screened the reference lists by including, excluding, and examining omitted studies. This review study used past previews and systematic literature reviews (Thaivalappil et al., 2018; Campbell et al., 1998; Egan et al., 2007; Medeiros et al., 2011; Young et al., 2018; Kim et al., 2012; Viator et al., 2015). This review also utilized additional references for identifying more related studies. Besides, study used searches based on online Boolean phrase, and conducted manual reviews by using leading journals. It included reference lists, such as Tourism Management, Annals of Tourism Research, and Current Issues in Tourism, Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, and International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. Similarly, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Journal of Travel Research, Journal of Vacation Marketing and some other journals. We contacted the authors and requested any unpublished data or missing variables. Table 4 shows the most cited journals (Hospitality and Tourism).
TABLE 4. Most cited journals (Hospitality and Tourism).
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
This review study set inclusion and exclusion criteria based on the review keywords. First, we identified the initial studies pool with study titles, abstracts, and keywords and evaluated the content of the selected studies. The study set the inclusion criteria specified that chosen studies must include tourists shopping experiences, travelers’ satisfaction, mega shopping malls’ products, services, and joy. Again, modernized and well-equipped mega shopping malls stimulate tourists’ revisit intentions due to modern facilities. For instance, tourists’ social interaction with friends, enjoyable atmosphere, a wide range of services, sales promotions on various products, purchasing convenience, and a good weather environment. The mega shopping malls’ features produce tourists’ satisfaction, happiness, and emotional spark that help motivate tourists to travel and revisit intentions. The selected studies under investigation report at least a direct measure of tourists shopping experiences, satisfaction, joy, revisit intentions, and perceived behavioral control. It should indicate the SOR or TPB constructs, and tourists revisit intentions within studies results. This review study excluded those studies (Soon et al., 2012; Viator et al., 2015; Young et al., 2020) that examined demographic factors only (Ball et al., 2010). This review study evaluated the inclusion and exclusion procedures after initial screening by involving independent experts in this research field. This screening helps identify and exclude duplicate studies due to various databases. Experts help investigators understand the differences between the inclusion and exclusion procedures and resolve these problems through discussion sessions. The investigators contacted the authors in case of missing data to gain more information on constructs and measures.
This study developed the PRISMA framework (Moher et al., 2009) for systematic review and meta-analyses, a minimal, evidence-based set of items designed to assist scientific researchers, authors, and scholars in reporting extensive systematic reviews in the field of social sciences and business administration. PRISMA emphasizes how investigators can safeguard transparent and comprehensive reporting of such review studies. PRISMA provides the reproducibility of the systematic literature reviews. Therefore, investigators must identify their research objectives, answer research questions, and state keywords with the inclusion or exclusion criteria. In the review stage, investigators searched for relevant and deleted irrelevant review studies. Researchers then analyzed selected studies according to predefined categories.
This study adopted the current framework in the domain of tourism and hospitality (Booth et al., 2020; Papavasileiou and Tzouvanas, 2020). The framework comprises four successive steps: screening, identification, eligibility, and inclusion in the review study. The first phase is the identification that denotes the items and databases associated with the review study topic. The second phase refers to the screening procedure to narrow down selected items and remove duplicate articles. The third phase describes the eligibility criteria of the studies that explain the criteria for inclusion or exclusion of the articles. The final and fourth phase aims to address items included in the review study sample and subject to qualitative or quantitative analysis. The PRISMA framework application helps ensure the study selection and additional analysis of selected articles are transparent and offer a reference point for other researchers in the field of social sciences (Booth et al., 2020). Investigators explored studies at multiple bibliographical databases, such as Scopus, and Web of Science, to perform a bibliometric analysis (Rodríguez-L´opez et al., 2020). Databases, including Scopus, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and Web of Science (WoS), are helpful search pools for bibliometric analysis (Murgado-Armenteros et al., 2015; Zupic and ˇCater, 2015). With over 100 years of traceable comprehensive coverage history and more than a billion cited reference links, the Web of Science database (WoS) can confidently offer to search the complete citation network in the research field of social sciences and business administration. Researchers widely adopt this database in marketing (Lacka et al., 2020) and the hospitality and tourism sectors. Therefore, this review study considered WoS an appropriate source of information to collect studies related to the topic (Fu et al., 2019; Rodríguez-L´opez et al., 2020).
This study extracted studies related to customer experiences and entered “experience” as the keyword, and received 1,286,870 studies, book reviews, and book chapters as of 30 May 2022. The study limited the articles to 5,072 by following the Web of Science categories, such as tourist experiences, shopping malls and revisit intentions, tourism, hospitality, and leisure. This approach was suggested by past studies conducted by Fu et al. (2019) and Rodríguez-L´opez et al. (2020). A study conducted by Hall (2011) reported that scholarly research articles published in the journals greatly represent the knowledge related to tourism and hospitality. Journals are the key platforms to produce, disseminate and rank knowledge types. Scholarly research articles published in the journals significantly represent the knowledge related to tourism and hospitality. Journals are the key platforms to produce, disseminate and rank knowledge types. This review study limited the analysis based on journal papers (n = 5,072). Although early tourism and hospitality research studies examined the concept of “experience.” Past studies (Cohen, 1979; Oliver, 1980), Pine and Gilmore (1998) have introduced the idea of the experience in their seminal article that established an essential basis upon which understanding of tourist experiences in hospitality and tourism depends.
The study used multiple criteria, such as Web of Science, h-index, Journal and Country Rank, SCImago, and SSCI (Social Science Citation Index) (McKercher, 2008; Tung and Ritchie, 2011). This review study collected studies based on tourists experience, shopping malls, tourist satisfaction and revisit intentions from leading journals of hospitality and tourism. The journals are Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, Tourism Management, International Journal of Hospitality Management, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, and Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research. Other six top-tier tourism journals include Annals of Tourism Research, Current Issues in Tourism, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, Journal of Travel Research, Tourism Management, and other hospitality and tourism journals, such as Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management and Journal of Vacation Marketing. These top journals publish articles related to tourists’ experiences and revisits’ intentions. This review study excluded 7,205 articles after completing the screening process, and the remaining articles were evaluated for eligibility criteria. In the evaluation process, the investigators manually checked the selected research articles to ensure their topics were relevant to the study topic. For instance, the study included papers covering tourist satisfaction, tourists’ behavior, shopping experiences, and revisit intentions and excluded other papers out of the scope of this study’s topic. This review study analyzed each paper’s title, abstract, keywords, and content to decide the article’s eligibility for inclusion (Moher et al., 2009). After screening, each phase of the review articles was performed with great care to ensure the study’s objectivity. Thus, this study included 1,214 research papers after removing duplicate articles and studies that could not meet the inclusion criteria. Figure 1 shows the research papers meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria in multiple screening phases. The flowchart adheres to the PRISMA framework’s guidelines with some necessary minor changes to fit the objectivity of this review study (Moher et al., 2009).
FIGURE 1. It shows the PRISMA framework.
Results
Papers published in the selected journals by year
Figure 2 shows a number of articles published in the selected journals from 1998 to June 2021 related to tourists’ experiences in the tourism and hospitality field. The analysis shows that research articles related to the topic chosen increased significantly over the years. These journals published just 3.7% of the research papers from 1998 to 2008. However, journals published most of the research papers (96.3%) from 2009 to 2021. Besides, the selected journals published 46.30% of research papers from January 2019 to June 2021.
FIGURE 2. Evolution of publications in leading journals.
Publications by leading journals
It shows the number of publications investigating consumer and tourists’ experiences, cross-referenced from 1998 to 2021 in the selected journals. Tourism Management (TM) published 191 articles (15.31%), IJHM published 152 articles 12.18%), ATR published 139 papers 11.14%, JTTM published 126 research articles (10.10%), IJCHM published 126 articles (10.10%), JTR published 110 articles 8.81%, CHQ published 19 articles (1.52%) and CIT published 96 (7.69%) research papers. Figure 3 shows the number of publications by leading journals.
FIGURE 3. Publications by leading journals.
Most cited papers: Papers citation analysis
Table 3 shows the most cited papers by June 2021 in the selected top journals. These citations come from the leading journals’ published research papers that explain a diverse scientific knowledge related to tourism and hospitality journals. Tourism Management is the most-cited journal with (n = 11,722) citations. Similarly, the Annals of Tourism Research (ATR) is the second most cited journal (n = 8,845), and the Journal of Travel Research is the third most-cited journal with 4,046 citations. Amon the selected journals, the top 4 remained the most cited (76.90%), as reported in the table above. These leading journals are the most influential outlets in the field of tourism and hospitality.
Discussion
The present review applied PRISMA framework (Moher et al., 2009) to conduct systematic review, a minimal, evidence-based set of items intended to support investigators in reporting extensive systematic reviews in the field of business administration. The PRISMA framework describes how researchers safeguard transparent and inclusive report of review studies. The PRISMA models offer systematic literature reviews reproducibility. Consequently, scholars need to recognize research objectives, answer research questions, and narrate keywords by describing inclusion or exclusion criteria. In the review stage, researchers search for relevant and delete irrelevant review studies. In the next step, thy analyzed the chosen studies according to predefined categories.
This research paper examines how technology-enabled mega-malls shopping environment, cultural, emotional, and social factors influence tourists’ sustainable revisit intentions in Doha, Qatar. This research paper examines how pleasant tourists’ shopping experiences in mega shopping malls influence tourist behavior. Big shopping malls offer a technology-enabled products and services that provide pleasant environment with a broad range of technology-enabled products and services that attract local and global tourists to Doha, Qatar. Mega-malls stimulate tourists’ revisit intentions with state-of-the-art attributes, such as social interaction with friends, pleasant atmosphere, a wide range of products and services, sales promotions, convenience, and a lovely weather environment. These mega-malls characteristics create tourists’ satisfaction, joy, and emotional spark, which leads to travel motivation and revisit intention. Some studies have raised environmental protection concerns as tourists’ fluent visits pose enormous challenges of accommodations, room availability, and traffic problems at the tourist destination.
Mega-malls’ shopping environment provides technology-enabled products and services. Mega-malls create a spirit, excitement, tourist destination attractions, and stimulate to visit friends. Thus, various factors influence tourists’ behavior, such as their preference for natural and historical destinations, facilities at tourist destinations, infrastructure, safety, affordability, comfort, and sociocultural factors. Past literature widely investigated tourists’ experiences and revisit intentions. Despite many analytical studies related to tourists’ experiences, the literature demonstrates little evidence of tourists’ shopping experiences in mega malls that lead to revisiting tourist destination choices. This narrative research paper explores how mega shopping mall attributes influence tourists’ behavioral intentions in the mega shopping mall environment that satisfies them for revisiting intentions in the future. As mentioned earlier, there is a lack of research specifically on the impact of large shopping malls on visitor experiences and revisit intentions. Most previously reviewed studies have focused on the general shopping experience and have not directly linked it to the attributes of large shopping malls. Some studies target shopping malls’ characteristics and impact on tourists’ revisit intentions (Kim 2010; Peter and Anankumar 2016; Amin et al., 2020). Many tourist experiences and revisit intentions studies used the implications of the SOR theory. It is a grounding theory with other supporting theories, including Memorable Tourist Experience (MTE) and the Tourist Shopping Experience (TSE) (Peter and Anankumar 2016; Jeong et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2021). Many studies linked SOR theory to the shopping understanding and online shopping experience outside the tourism realm (Othman et al., 2016; Bigne et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2020; Lee and Min 2021).
The research review related to mega-mall shopping experiences, tourists’ traveling, and shopping describes travel behavior research. The literature lacks the mega-mall shopping behavior studies that show tourists shopping satisfaction and revisit intentions (Peter and Anankumar 2016; Ponsignon et al., 2020; Prayag et al., 2017), such as general tourist experiences, and tourists’ emotional responses (Yuksel 2007b; Choi et al., 2017; Prayag et al., 2017). An earlier study explained that items and variables of the model explore the linkage between tourists’ revisit intentions and their mega-mall shopping experiences that typically vary by hedonic values (Ponsignon et al., 2020) to personal attributes (Yuksel 2007). Besides, some studies reported that tourism destination image is also vital to attract tourists (Kavaratzis and Hatch 2013; Garcia-Milon et al., 2020). Therefore, looking at previous research pools, the literature indicates that scholars have not investigated the influence of mega shopping malls on tourist shopping behavior and revisit intentions. The existing research briefly and partially uses studies such as tourism behavioral intent (TBI) (Amin et al., 2020), the experience theory, planned behavior theory (PBT) (Asadifard 2019), and memorable tourism experience (MTEs) (Chen et al., 2020).
The current challenging crisis has affected business activities; including tourism companies worldwide (Ge et al., 2022; Yu et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2022). The pandemic has greatly influenced individuals’ emotions and developed stress (Aqeel et al., 2021; Azhar et al., 2018; Moradi et al., 2021). The emergence of the virus has posed a burden on health systems and led to fear among tourists and common people working performance was affected (Aqeel et al., 2021; Aqeel et al., 2022; Asad et al., 2017; Farzadfar et al., 2022; NeJhaddadgar et al., 2022; Paulson et al., 2021). Social media and innovative technological apps have assisted people about health information to survive in the pandemic (Su et al., 2021a; Soroush et al., 2021; Zhou et al., 2021; Rahmat et al., 2022; Yao et al., 2022). The pandemic has forced individuals’ and healthcare nurses to follow protective health measures for their safety (Lebni et al., 2021; Mohammadi et al., 2021; Shoib et al., 2021). As a result, people has involved in internet addition to seek health-related data as they focused on prioritizing health safety (Pouresmaeil et al., 2019; Fattahi et al., 2020; Yoosefi Lebni et al., 2020; Su et al., 2021b; Su et al., 2021c; Khazaie et al., 2021). Health inequalities’ and uneven accessibility of the vaccination has influenced tourists and general population’s emotions (Azadi et al., 2021; Local Burden of Disease 2021; Moradi et al., 2020; Su et al., 2021d; Su et al., 2021). The pandemic has caused social, cultural, economic and health problems that influenced health systems performance worldwide (Shuja et al., 2020a; Shuja et al., 2020b; Maqsood et al., 2021; Yoosefi Lebni et al., 2021). In this crisis, top management, including managers and CEOs have played their vital role to survive in the business competition, particularly, tourism firms to maintain sustainable performance of the business (Liu et al., 2022; Mubeen et al., 2022). Survival in pandemic crisis has become a huge challenge for individuals and tourism organizations worldwide (Al Halbusi et al., 2022; Geng et al., 2022).
The Stimuli-Organism-Response (SOR) theory is helpful. Scholars widely use SOR in the retail studies for traditional shopping experience reviews as a review tool for consumers’ purchase decision-making processes and consumer behavior (Othman et al., 2016; Bigne et al., 2019; Jeong et al., 2020). Researchers use SOR theory to evaluate consumers’ online shopping behavior (Zimmerman 2017; Bigne et al., 2019; Sarılgan et al., 2022; Talwar et al., 2022). Researchers use SOR theory to assess consumers’ online shopping behavior. The flexibility of the theory and its ability to capture a variety of variables often used in different supporting theories is the motive for this study to choose SOR as the underlying theory to explore tourist-shopping behavior and revisit intention.
In tourism research, scholars have applied the SOR model in many past studies. More specifically, the past studies’ model used this theory’s implications to examine human behavior that focuses on pre-tour, during-tour, and post-tour tourists’ behavior. Research studies applied the SOR theory for tourism planning and intentions research (Kim et al., 2020; Lee and Min 2021; Tian et al., 2021), and during the travel activity (Jeong et al., 2020). In post-travel activity studies, the model focused on tourist revisit intentions, as proposed by past research models (Chen et al., 2020). Few studies have applied the SOR theory to address tourists’ shopping malls and travel experiences; however, no specific link to tourist revisit intentions was established (Peter and Anankumar 2016; Asadifard 2019; Amin et al., 2020), besides, a past study remotely linked shopping to tourist revisit intentions (Kim 2010). This present research bridges this literature gap in the context of Qatar’s mega-shopping malls that attract tourists for revisits.
Conclusion
Circular economy models describe production and consumption based on reusing, sharing, leasing, repairing, recycling, and refurbishing available materials to produce products within the range of possible resources. The CE models address environmental and climate change issues and global challenges such as biodiversity loss. The CE model is designed to manage waste from design-based implementation. It mainly emphasizes three basic principles of the model that are helpful to transition to a circular economy, including eliminating waste and pollution, recycling products and materials, and regenerating nature. Past literature has identified environmental, waste, and pollution challenges for addressing tourism activities. Technology-enabled products and services influence sustainable tourist experiences and revisit intentions. Despite extensive survey research on visitor experience, the literature seldom shows a visitor’s shopping experience in tech-enabled mega-malls, leading to scrutiny of destination choices.
This review study developed a current framework in the domain of tourism and hospitality. The framework includes four consecutive steps: screening, identification, eligibility, and inclusion in the review study. The first phase is the identification that denotes the items and databases associated with the review study topic. The second phase refers to the screening procedure to narrow down selected items and remove duplicate articles. The third phase describes the eligibility criteria of the studies that explain the criteria for inclusion or exclusion of the articles. The final and fourth phase aims to address items included in the review study sample and subject to qualitative or quantitative analysis. The PRISMA framework application helps ensure the study selection and additional analysis of selected articles are transparent and offer a reference point for other researchers in the field of social sciences. Investigators explored studies at multiple bibliographical databases, such as Scopus, and Web of Science, to perform a bibliometric analysis. Databases, including Scopus, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and Web of Science (WoS), are helpful search pools for bibliometric analysis.
The city of Doha in Qatar is one of the most developed cities in the Gulf region. The town is modernized with technology-enabled excellent facilities in mega shopping malls. These creative facilities and innovative product availability in mega shopping malls in Qatar attract local and global tourists. The tourists’ inbound flow develops economic activities that add value to the economy and creates economic opportunities for the Qatari residents. The present study focused on exploring the effects of mega-malls shopping environment, cultural significance, emotional stimuli, and social factors influencing tourists’ revisit intentions with their memorable tourism experiences in Doha, Qatar. This study observes how enjoyable tourists’ shopping and tourism experiences in mega shopping malls of Doha influence local and global tourist behavior. Mega shopping malls in Doha provide attractive shopping and a unique traveling environment with a broad range of technology-enabled products and services that attract local and international tourists to Qatar. These modernized and well-equipped mega-malls stimulate tourists’ revisit intentions with modern facilities, such as tourists’ social interaction with friends, enjoyable atmosphere, a wide range of services, sales promotions on various products, purchasing convenience, and a good weather environment. The mega-malls features produce tourists’ satisfaction, happiness, and emotional spark that help motivate tourists to travel and revisit intentions. Some studies have raised environmental protection concerns as tourists’ fluent visits pose enormous challenges of accommodations, room availability, and traffic problems at the tourist destination.
Past literature has explored tourists’ experiences and revisiting intentions worldwide. This study aims to address the literature gas as previously mega shopping malls’ attractive environment impact on tourists revisit intention lacks the scientific knowledge in the context of Qatar. This research study emphasized to seek how Doha’s modern mega shopping malls affect local and global tourists’ behavioral revisit intentions in the destination malls’ environment. In Qatar, Doha is the capital and an economic hub that plays a crucial role in the economic and social development of the region. The city has many mega shopping malls that attract regional and global tourists, boosting economic activities and environmental concerns. The city oscillates prevalent beaches, and its mega shopping malls are famous as tourist attractions for domestic, regional, and global tourists. An enjoyable shopping experience in mega-malls creates tourist satisfaction with perceived value and environmental effects. This paper calls for future research with new variables that empirically test mega malls’ impact on tourists’ shopping behaviors and revisit intentions. The findings not only contribute to tourists’ experiences in mega shopping malls and revisit intentions but also provide implications’ for policymakers to design applicable policies for promoting tourists’ revisit intentions with better mega-mall shopping experiences at destinations.
The study’s findings restrict the generalizability to the country and the entire Gulf region based on tourists shopping experiences and revisit intentions. Because of the competitive situation for tourism business, future studies can make different models that could produce interesting results. However, future studies on tourist behavior and revisit intentions will offer informative empirical results that would contribute to the new and past literature related to tourists’ shopping behavior and revisit intentions with SOR theory implications. Accordingly, considering future research directions, this proposed research model is supportive and advantageous for the tourism industry. By developing the conclusion precisely, researchers might consider learning orientation as a mediating and the enterprise age as moderating variable. It would help measure tourists’ behavior. Another recommendation of this model is that it is a cross-sectional research design for data collection and execution. Future studies might adopt quantitative techniques to investigate the proposed models to draw informative and valuable results. Similarly, quantitative studies with different models can measure tourists’ behavior and revisit intentions that would contribute to the academic literature on tourists shopping experiences in mega shopping malls that develop revisit intentions. In a short story, this study discussed tourists shopping experiences in mega-malls in the context of Doha malls. However, future studies can create new models with samples from other cultures and regions. It would be fascinating to replicate review and empirical models that would increase new results applicability.
Author contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
Conflict of interest
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
Abaalzamat, K. H., Al-Sulaiti, K. I., Alzboun, N. M., and Khawaldah, H. A. (2021). The Role of Katara cultural village in enhancing and marketing the image of Qatar: Evidence from trip advisor. SAGE Open 11 (2), 21582440211022737. doi:10.1177/21582440211022737
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 50 (2), 179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t
Al Halbusi, H., Al-Sulaiti, K., Abbas, J., and Al-Sulaiti, I. (2022). Assessing factors influencing technology adoption for online purchasing amid COVID-19 in Qatar: Moderating role of word of mouth. Front. Environ. Sci. 13, 942527.
Al Sulaiti, K., Al Khulaifi, A., and Al Khatib, F. (2005). Banking services and customer’s satisfaction in Qatar: A statistical analysis. Stud. Business Economics 11 (1).
Alhawari, O., Awan, U., Bhutta, M. K. S., and Ülkü, M. A. (2021). Insights from circular economy literature: A review of extant definitions and unravelling paths to future research. Sustainability 13 (2), 859. doi:10.3390/su13020859
Alkailani, L., and Abu-Shanab, E. A. (2021). Factors influencing online purchase intention in Qatar. Int. J. E-Business Res. (IJEBR) 17 (3), 1–21. doi:10.4018/ijebr.2021070101
Aman, J., Lela, U., and Shi, G. (2021). Religious affiliation, daily spirituals, and private religious factors promote marital commitment among married couples: Does religiosity help people amid the COVID-19 crisis? Front. Psychol. 12, 657400. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.657400
Aman, J., Mahmood, S., Nurunnabi, M., and Bano, S. (2019). The influence of islamic religiosity on the perceived socio-cultural impact of sustainable tourism development in Pakistan: A structural equation modeling approach. Sustainability 11 (11), 3039. doi:10.3390/su11113039
Aman, J., Shi, G., Ain, N. U., and Gu, L. (2022). Community wellbeing under China-Pakistan economic corridor: Role of social, economic, cultural, and educational factors in improving residents’ quality of life. Front. Psychol. 12, 816592. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.816592
Amin, M., Ryu, K., Cobanoglu, C., Rezaei, S., Mawar, M., and Wulan, C. (2020). Examining the effect of shopping mall attributes in predicting tourist shopping satisfaction and behavioral intentions. J. Qual. Assur. Hosp. Tour., 1–28. doi:10.1080/1528008X.2020.1818667
Anandkumar, V. (2016). Deconstructing the shopping experience of tourists to the Dubai shopping festival. Dubai: Cogent Business & Management, 1–11.
Anjum, M. N., Xiuchun, B., Shuguang, Z., and McMillan, D. (2017). Analyzing predictors of customer satisfaction and assessment of retail banking problems in Pakistan. Cogent Bus. Manag. 4 (1), 1338842. doi:10.1080/23311975.2017.1338842
Anser, M. K., Yousaf, Z., Awan, U., Nassani, A. A., Qazi Abro, M. M., and Zaman, K. (2020). Identifying the carbon emissions damage to international tourism: Turn a blind eye. Sustainability 12 (5), 1937. doi:10.3390/su12051937
Aqeel, M., Abbas, J., Raza, S., and Aman, J. (2021a). Portraying the multifaceted interplay between sexual harassment, job stress, social support and employees turnover intension amid COVID-19: A multilevel moderating model. Found. Univ. J. Bus. Econ. 6 (2), 1–17. Available at: https://fui.edu.pk/fjs/index.php/fujbe/article/view/551.
Aqeel, M., Rehna, T., Shuja, K. H., and Abbas, J. (2022). Comparison of students' mental wellbeing, anxiety, depression, and quality of life during COVID-19's full and partial (smart) lockdowns: A follow-up study at a 5-month interval. Front. Psychiatry 13, 835585. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.835585
Aqeel, M., Abbas, J., Shuja, K. H., Rehna, T., Ziapour, A., Yousaf, I., et al. (2021b). The influence of illness perception, anxiety and depression disorders on students mental health during COVID-19 outbreak in Pakistan: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Int. J. Hum. Rights Healthc. 15 (1), 17–30. doi:10.1108/ijhrh-10-2020-0095
Asad, A., Abbas, J., Irfan, M., and Raza, H. (2017). The impact of HPWS in organizational performance: A mediating role of servant leadership. J. Manag. Sci. 11, 25–48.
Asadifard, M. (2019). Determinants of international tourists' mall patronage in the klang valley Malaysia. KL: UPM.
Awan, U. (2019). Impact of social supply chain practices on social sustainability performance in manufacturing firms. Int. J. Innovation Sustain. Dev. 13 (2), 198–219. doi:10.1504/ijisd.2019.098996
Awan, U., Kanwal, N., and Bhutta, M. K. S. (2020). “A literature analysis of definitions for a circular economy,” in Logistics operations and management for recycling and reuse. Editor P. Golinska-Dawson (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg), 19–34.
Awan, U., Nauman, S., and Sroufe, R. (2020). Exploring the effect of buyer engagement on green product innovation: empirical evidence from manufacturers. Bus. Strategy Environ. 30 (1), 463–477. doi:10.1002/bse.2631
Azadi, N. A., Ziapour, A., Lebni, J. Y., Irandoost, S. F., and Chaboksavar, F. (2021). The effect of education based on health belief model on promoting preventive behaviors of hypertensive disease in staff of the Iran University of Medical Sciences. Arch. Public Health 79 (1), 69. doi:10.1186/s13690-021-00594-4
Azhar, A., Wenhong, Z., Akhtar, T., and Aqeel, M. (2018). Linking infidelity stress, anxiety and depression: Evidence from Pakistan married couples and divorced individuals. Int. J. Hum. Rights Healthc. 11 (3), 214–228. doi:10.1108/ijhrh-11-2017-0069
Azizi, M. R., Atlasi, R., Ziapour, A., and Naemi, R. (2021). Innovative human resource management strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic narrative review approach. Heliyon 7 (6), e07233. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07233
Ball, B., Wilcock, A., and Aung, M. (2010). Background factors affecting the implementation of food safety management systems. Food Prot. Trends 30 (2), 78–86.
Bayih, B. E., and Singh, A. (2020). Modeling domestic tourism: Motivations, satisfaction and tourist behavioral intentions. Heliyon 6 (9), e04839. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04839
Begum, S., Ashfaq, M., Xia, E., and Awan, U. (2021). Does green transformational leadership lead to green innovation? The role of green thinking and creative process engagement. Bus. Strategy Environ. 31 (1), 580–597. doi:10.1002/bse.2911
Bhutto, T. A., Farooq, R., Talwar, S., Awan, U., and Dhir, A. (2021). Green inclusive leadership and green creativity in the tourism and hospitality sector: Serial mediation of green psychological climate and work engagement. J. Sustain. Tour. 29 (10), 1716–1737. doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1867864
Bigne, E., Chatzipanagiotou, K., and Ruiz, C. (2019). Pictorial content, sequence of conflicting online reviews and consumer decisionmaking: The Stimulus-Organism-Response Model revisited. J. Bus. Res. 1 (15), 403–416. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.031
Bigne, J. E., Sanchez, M. I., and Sanchez, J. (2001). Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behaviour: Inter-relationship. Tour. Manag. 22 (6), 607–616. doi:10.1016/s0261-5177(01)00035-8
Booth, P., Chaperon, S. A., Kennell, J. S., and Morrison, A. M. (2020). Entrepreneurship in island contexts: A systematic review of the tourism and hospitality literature. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 85, 102438. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102438
Boulhosa, I., and Casais, B. (2019). Motivations for tourism shopping in department stores: An exploratory research about tourists’ profiles visiting el corte inglés gaia. Eur. J. Tour. Hosp. Recreat. 9 (1), 18–26. doi:10.2478/ejthr-2019-0003
Calvo-Porral, C., and Lévy-Mangín, J.-P. (2018). Pull factors of the shopping malls: An empirical study. Int. J. Retail Distribution Manag. 46 (2), 110–124. doi:10.1108/ijrdm-02-2017-0027
Campbell, M. E., Gardner, C. E., Dwyer, J. J., Isaacs, S. M., Krueger, P. D., and Ying, J. Y. (1998). Effectiveness of public health interventions in food safety: A systematic review. Can. J. Public Health 89 (3), 197–202. doi:10.1007/bf03404474
Çavusoglu, S., Demirag, B., and Durmaz, Y. (2021). Investigation of the effect of hedonic shopping value on discounted product purchasing. Rev. Int. Bus. Strategy 31 (3), 317–338. doi:10.1108/ribs-04-2020-0034
Chen, C. F., and Chen, F. S. (2010). Experience quality, perceived value, satisfaction and behavioral intentions for heritage tourists. Tour. Manag. 31 (1), 29–35. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.008
Chen, X., Cheng, Z., and Kim, G.-B. (2020). Make it memorable: Tourism experience, fun, recommendation and revisit intentions of Chinese outbound tourists. Sustainability 12, 1904–1924. doi:10.3390/su12051904
Cherry, K., and Producer), (2020). How the instinct theory explains motivation. Well mind. Available at: https://www.verywellmind.com/instinct-theory-of-motivation-2795383.
Choi, M., Law, R., and Heo, C. (2017). An investigation of the perceived value of shopping tourism. J. Travel Res. 57, 962–980. doi:10.1177/0047287517726170
Cinjarevic, M. T., Tatic, K., and Petric, S. (2017). Hedonic shopping motivations and impulse buying. J. Econ. Bus. 9 (1), 1–12.
Cohen, E. (1979). A phenomenology of tourist experiences. Sociology 13 (2), 179–201. doi:10.1177/003803857901300203
Cohen, S. A., Prayag, G., and Moital, M. (2013). Consumer behaviour in tourism: Concepts, influences and opportunities. Curr. Issues Tour. 17 (10), 872–909. doi:10.1080/13683500.2013.850064
del Bosque, I. R., and San Martín, H. (2008). Tourist satisfaction a cognitive-affective model. Ann. Tour. Res. 35 (2), 551–573. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.006
De-Juan-Vigaray, M. D., Garau-Vadell, J. B., and Sese, A. (2021). Acculturation, shopping acculturation, and shopping motives of International residential tourists. Tour Manag 83, 104229. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104229
Durmaz, Y., Çayırağası, F., and Çopuroğlu, F. (2022). The mediating role of destination satisfaction between the perception of gastronomy tourism and consumer behavior during COVID-19. Int. J. Gastron. Food Sci. 28, 100525. doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2022.100525
Egan, M. B., Raats, M. M., Grubb, S. M., Eves, A., Lumbers, M. L., Dean, M. S., et al. (2007). A review of food safety and food hygiene training studies in the commercial sector. Food control. 18 (10), 1180–1190. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2006.08.001
Erasmus, A. C., Boshoff, E., and Rousseau, G. G. (2001). Consumer decision-making models within the discipline of consumer science: A critical approach. J. Fam. Ecol. Consumer Sci. 29, 82–90. doi:10.4314/jfecs.v29i1.52799
Farzadfar, F., Naghavi, M., Sepanlou, S. G., Saeedi Moghaddam, S., Dangel, W. J., Davis Weaver, N., et al. (2022). Health system performance in Iran: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet 399, 1625–1645. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02751-3
Fattahi, E., Solhi, M., Kasmaei, P., Rastaghi, S., Pouresmaeil, M., Gilan, H. D., et al. (2020). Prioritization of needs among students of university of medical sciences: A needs assessment. J. Educ. Health Promot. 9, 57. doi:10.4103/0445-7706.281641
Filipovic, V., Jovanovic, D., and Kostic, S. (2012). Attracting tourists to a shopping centre. ManageFon., 15–18. doi:10.7595/management.fon.2012.0037
Fishbein, M., Ajzen, I. J. P., and Rhetoric, (1977). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Contemp. Sociol. 10 (2), 244. doi:10.2307/2065853
Fowler, D., Yuan, J., Meng, F., and Xu, Y. (2012). Tourism shopping behavior: Planned, impulsive, or experiential? Int. J. Cult. Tour. Hosp.
Fu, H., Okumus, F., Wu, K., and Ko¨seoglu, M. A. (2019). The entrepreneurship research in hospitality and tourism. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 78, 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.10.005
Fu, Q. (2022). Reset the industry redux through corporate social responsibility: The COVID-19 tourism impact on hospitality firms through business model innovation. Front. Psychol. 12, 795345. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.795345
García-Buades, M. E., García-Sastre, M. A., and Alemany-Hormaeche, M. (2022). Effects of overtourism, local government, and tourists’ behavior on residents’ perceptions in Alcúdia (Majorca, Spain). J. Outdoor Recreat. Tour. 39, 100499. doi:10.1016/j.jort.2022.100499
Garcia-Milon, A., Juaned, E., Ayensa, E., Olarte-Pasual, C., Pelegrin, J., and Borondo, J. (2020). Towards the smart tourism destination: Key factors in information source use on the tourist shopping journey. Tour. Manag. Perpective 36, 100730. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100730
Ge, T., Ullah, R., Abbas, A., Sadiq, I., and Zhang, R. (2022). Women's entrepreneurial contribution to family income: Innovative technologies promote females' entrepreneurship amid COVID-19 crisis. Front. Psychol. 13, 828040. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.828040
Geng, J., Ul Haq, S., Ye, H., Shahbaz, O., Abbas, A., and Cai, Y. (2022). Survival in pandemic times: Managing energy efficiency, food diversity, and sustainable practices of nutrient intake amid COVID-19 crisis. Front. Environ. Sci. 13, 945774.
Giraldi, A., and Cesareo, L. (2014). Destination image differences between first-time and return visitors: An exploratory study on the city of Rome. Tour. Hosp. Res. 14 (4), 197–205. doi:10.1177/1467358414543971
Goossens, C. (2000). Tourism information and pleasure motivation. Ann. Tour. Res. 27 (2), 301–321. doi:10.1016/s0160-7383(99)00067-5
Guttentag, D. A. (2010). Virtual reality: Applications and implications for tourism. Tour. Manag. 31 (5), 637–651. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2009.07.003
Hall, C. M. (2011). Publish and perish? Bibliometric analysis, journal ranking and the assessment of research quality in tourism. Tour. Manag. 32 (1), 16–27. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.07.001
HKIS (2017). The successful factors for shopping malls. Available at: https://www.hkis.org.hk/ufiles/RC1516031_report.pdf.
Hewei, T., and Youngsook, L. (2022). Factors affecting continuous purchase intention of fashion products on social E-commerce: SOR model and the mediating effect. Entertain. Comput. 41, 100474. doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2021.100474
Hossain, M. S., and Rahman, M. F. (2022). Detection of potential customers’ empathy behavior towards’ customers’ reviews. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 65, 102881. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102881
Hu, M., Li, H., Song, H., Li, X., and Law, R. (2022). Tourism demand forecasting using tourist-generated online review data. Tour. Manag. 90, 104490. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104490
Hunkoo, R., and Ittoo, Y. (2013). Developing and testing model predicting behavioral intentions of travelers. Toronto: International Business Research Conference. Paper presented at the 21st.
Hussain, S. T., Lei, S., Jamal Haider, M., and Akram, T. (2017a). Transactional leadership and organizational creativity: Examining the mediating role of knowledge sharing behavior. Cogent Bus. Manag. 4 (1), 1361663. doi:10.1080/23311975.2017.1361663
Hussain, T., Li, B., Aman, J., and Ali, S. (2017b). Natural resource management for the world’s highest park: Community attitudes on sustainability for central karakoram national park, Pakistan. Sustainability 9 (6), 972. doi:10.3390/su9060972
Hussain, T., Wei, Z., Ahmad, S., Xuehao, B., and Gaoli, Z. (2021). Impact of urban village disamenity on neighboring residential properties: Empirical evidence from nanjing through hedonic pricing model appraisal. J. Urban Plan. Dev. 147 (1), 04020055. doi:10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000645
Hussain, T., Wei, Z., and Nurunnabi, M. (2019). The effect of sustainable urban planning and slum disamenity on the value of neighboring residential property: Application of the hedonic pricing model in rent price appraisal. Sustainability 11 (4), 1144. doi:10.3390/su11041144
Ikram, M., Sroufe, R., Awan, U., and Abid, N. (2021). Enabling progress in developing economies: A novel hybrid decision-making model for green technology planning. Sustainability 14 (1), 258. doi:10.3390/su14010258
Jaakkola, E. (2007). Purchase decision-making within professional consumer services. Mark. Theory 7 (1), 93–108. doi:10.1177/1470593107073847
Jaffar, A., Hussain, I., Hussain, S., Akram, S., Shaheen, I., and Niu, B. (2019a). The impact of knowledge sharing and innovation upon sustainable performance in islamic banks: A mediation analysis through an SEM approach. Sustainability 11 (15), 4049. doi:10.3390/su11154049
Jaffar, A., Mahmood, S., Ali, H., Ali Raza, M., Ali, G., Aman, J., et al. (2019b). The effects of corporate social responsibility practices and environmental factors through a moderating role of social media marketing on sustainable performance of firms’ operating in multan, Pakistan. Sustainability 11 (12), 3434. doi:10.3390/su11123434
Jangra, R., Kaushik, S. P., and Saini, S. S. (2021). An analysis of tourist’s perceptions toward tourism development: study of cold desert destination, India. Geography and Sustainability 2 (1), 48–58. doi:10.1016/j.geosus.2021.02.004
Jeong, Y., Kim, E., and Kim, S.-K. (2020). Understanding active sport tourist behaviors in small-scale sports events: Stimulus-Organism-Response approach. Sustainability 12 (19), 8192. doi:10.3390/su12198192
Joo, D., Cho, H., and Woosnam, K. M. (2019). Exploring tourists’ perceptions of tourism impacts. Tourism Manag. Perspect. 31, 231–235. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2019.05.008
Jung, Y., Choi, B., and Cho, W. (2021). Group satisfaction with group work under surveillance: the stimulus-organism-response (SOR) perspective. Telemat. Inform. 58, 101530. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2020.101530
Juvan, E., Omerzel, D. G., and Maravić, M. U. (2017). Tourist behaviour: An overview of models to date. Handle. RePEcprpmicp 17, 23.
Kavaratzis, M., and Hatch, M. (2013). The dynamics of place brands: An identity-based approach to place branding theory. Mark. Theory 13, 69–86. doi:10.1177/1470593112467268
Khazaie, H., Lebni, J. Y., Mahaki, B., Chaboksavar, F., Kianipour, N., Ziapour, A., et al. (2021). Internet addiction status and related factors among medical students: A cross-sectional study in western Iran. Int. Q. Community Health Educ. 42 (5), 272684X211025438. 272684X211025438. doi:10.1177/0272684X211025438
Kim, J. H., Ritchie, J. B., and McCormick, B. (2012). Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. J. Travel Res. 51 (1), 12–25. doi:10.1177/0047287510385467
Kim, M., Lee, C.-K., and Jung, T. (2020). Exploring consumer behavior in virtual reality tourism using an extended stimulus-organism-response model. J. Travel Res. 59 (1), 69–89. doi:10.1177/0047287518818915
Kim, G., Duffy, L. N., and Moore, D. (2023). Importance of residents’ perception of tourists in establishing a reciprocal resident-tourist relationship: An application of tourist attractiveness. Tour. Manag. 94, 104632. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104632
Kim, S. S., Timothy, D. J., and Hwang, J. (2011). Understanding Japanese tourists’ shopping preferences using the Decision Tree Analysis method. Tour. Manag. 32 (3), 544–554. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.04.008
Kim, S. (2010). Understanding Japanese tourists’ shopping preferences using the decision tree analysis method. Japan: Kansas State University.
Kinley, T., Forney, J., and Kim, Y. (2015). Travel motivation as a determinant of shopping venue. Int. J. Cult. Tour. Hosp. Res. 6 (3), 266–278. doi:10.1108/17506181211246429
Kiryluk, H., and Glińska, E. (2015). Creation and evaluation of the tourist image of a country - the example of Poland. Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci. 213, 671–676. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.473
Kokaili, B. E. (2010). Evolution of shopping malls. Ankara, Turkey: Academia. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/299926/EVOLUTION_OF_SHOPPING_MALLS_RECENT_TRENDS_AND_THE_QUESTION_OF_REGENERATION.
Khajehshahkoohi, M., Davoodi, S. R., and Shaaban, K. (2022). Factors affecting the behavioral intention of tourists on the use of bike sharing in tourism areas. Res. Transp. Bus. Manag. 43, 100742. doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100742
Kristiana, Y., Pramono, R., and Brian, R. (2021). Adaptation strategy of tourism industry stakeholders. J. Asian Finance, Econ. Bus. 8 (4), 213–223. doi:10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no4.0213
Lai, I. K. W., and Hitchcock, M. (2016). Local reactions to mass tourism and community tourism development in Macau. J. Sustain. Tour. 25 (4), 451–470. doi:10.1080/09669582.2016.1221413
Latif, K., Malik, M. Y., Pitafi, A. H., Kanwal, S., and Latif, Z. (2020). If you travel, I travel: Testing a model of when and how travel-related content exposure on facebook triggers the intention to visit a tourist destination. SAGE Open 10 (2), 215824402092551. doi:10.1177/2158244020925511
Lebni, J. Y., Toghroli, R., Abbas, J., NeJhaddadgar, N., Salahshoor, M. R., Mansourian, M., et al. (2020). A study of internet addiction and its effects on mental health: a study based on Iranian University Students [Original Article]. J. Educ. Health Promot. 9 (1), 205. doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_148_20
Lebni, J. Y., Toghroli, R., Kianipour, N., NeJhaddadgar, N., Salahshoor, M. R., and Ziapour, A. (2021). Nurses' work-related quality of life and its influencing demographic factors at a public hospital in western Iran: A cross-sectional study. Int. Q. Community Health Educ. 42 (1), 37–45. doi:10.1177/0272684X20972838
Lee, C.-K., Ahmad, M. C., Petrick, J. F., Park, Y.-N., Park, E., and Kang, C.-W. (2020). The roles of cultural worldview and authenticity in tourists decision-making process in a heritage tourism destination using a model of goal-directed behavior. J. Dest. Mark. Manag. 18, 100500. doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100500
Lee, S., and Min, S. R. (2021). Effects of information quality of online travel agencies on trust and continuous usage intention: An application of the SOR model. J. Asian Finance, Econ. Bus. 8 (4), 971–982. doi:10.13106/jafeb.2021
Lehew, M., and Wesley, S. (2007). Tourist shoppers’ satisfaction with regional shopping mall experiences. Int. J. Cult. Tour. Hosp. Res. 1, 82–96. doi:10.1108/17506180710729628
Li, Y., Al-Sulaiti, K., Dongling, W., Abbas, J., and Al-Sulaiti, I. (2022). Tax avoidance culture and employees’ behavior affect sustainable business performance: the moderating role of corporate social responsibility [Original research]. Front. Envir. Sci. 10. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.964410
Li, X., Dongling, W., Baig, N. U. A., and Zhang, R. (2022). From cultural tourism to social entrepreneurship: Role of social value creation for environmental sustainability. Front. Psychol. 13, 925768. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.925768
Li, Z., Wang, D., Hassan, S., and Mubeen, R. (2021). Tourists' health risk threats amid COVID-19 era: Role of technology innovation, transformation, and recovery implications for sustainable tourism. Front. Psychol. 12, 769175. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769175
Lin, M.-T., Zhu, D., Liu, C., and Kim, P. B. (2022). A meta-analysis of antecedents of pro-environmental behavioral intention of tourists and hospitality consumers. Tour. Manag. 93, 104566. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104566
Liu, Q., Qu, X., Wang, D., and Mubeen, R. (2022). Product market competition and firm performance: Business survival through innovation and entrepreneurial orientation amid COVID-19 financial crisis. Front. Psychol. 12, 790923. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.790923
Liu, Z., Wang, A., Weber, K., Chan, E. H. W., and Shi, W. (2022). Categorisation of cultural tourism attractions by tourist preference using location-based social network data: the case of Central, Hong Kong. Tour. Manag. 90, 104488. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104488
Lloyd, A. E., Yip, L. S. C., and Luk, S. T. K. (2011). An examination of the differences in retail service evaluation between domestic and tourist shoppers in Hong Kong. Tour. Manag. 32 (3), 520–533. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.04.004
Local Burden of Disease, H. I. V. C. (2021). Mapping subnational HIV mortality in six Latin American countries with incomplete vital registration systems. BMC Med. 19 (1), 4. doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01876-4
lusailnews (2016). More Malls are opening in Qatar. Available at: https://lusailnews.net/article/knowledgegate/investigations/12/09/2016/300-%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81-%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1-%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A.%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1
MacInnis, D. J., and Jaworski, B. J. (2018). Information processing from advertisements: Toward an integrative framework. J. Mark. 53 (4), 1–23. doi:10.1177/002224298905300401
Mamirkulova, G., and Mi, J. (2022). Economic Corridor and tourism sustainability amid unpredictable COVID-19 challenges: Assessing community well-being in the World Heritage Sites. Front. Psychol. 12, 797568. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.797568
Maqsood, A., Rehman, G., and Mubeen, R. (2021). The paradigm shift for educational system continuance in the advent of COVID-19 pandemic: Mental health challenges and reflections. Curr. Res. Behav. Sci. 2, 100011. doi:10.1016/j.crbeha.2020.100011
McKercher, B. (2008). A citation analysis of tourism scholars. Tour. Manag. 29 (6), 1226–1232. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2008.03.003
Medeiros, C. O., Cavalli, S. B., Salay, E., and Proença, R. P. C. (2011). Assessment of the methodological strategies adopted by food safety training programmes for foodservice workers: A systematic review. Food control. 22 (8), 1136–1144. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.02.008
Mehdipour, A., and Nia, H. (2013). Persian bazaar and its impact on evolution of historic urban cores -the case of isfahan. Macrotheme Rev. 2 (5), 12–17.
Mohammadi, A., Pishgar, E., Firouraghi, N., Bagheri, N., Shamsoddini, A., Kiani, B., et al. (2021). A geodatabase of blood pressure level and the associated factors including lifestyle, nutritional, air pollution, and urban greenspace. BMC Res. Notes 14 (1), 416. doi:10.1186/s13104-021-05830-2
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., and Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Ann. Intern. Med. 151 (4), 264–269. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135
Moosavi Heris, F. S., Ghannadpour, S. F., Bagheri, M., and Zandieh, F. (2022). A new accessibility based team orienteering approach for urban tourism routes optimization (A Real Life Case). Comput. Oper. Res. 138, 105620. doi:10.1016/j.cor.2021.105620
Moradi, F., Tourani, S., Ziapour, A., Hematti, M., Moghadam, E. J., and Soroush, A. (2020). Emotional intelligence and quality of life in elderly diabetic patients. Int. Q. Community Health Educ. 42, 15–20. 272684X20965811. doi:10.1177/0272684X20965811
Moradi, F., Tourani, S., Ziapour, A., Hematti, M., Moghadam, E. J., and Soroush, A. (2021). Emotional intelligence and quality of life in elderly diabetic patients. Int. Q. Community Health Educ. 42 (1), 15–20. doi:10.1177/0272684X20965811
Mosalev, A. (2020). “Influence in the behavioral economy of the tourist industry,” in Paper presented at the International Scientific Conference "Far East Con" ISCFEC 2020, 17 March 2020. doi:10.2991/aebmr.k.200312.103
Moscardo, G. (2004). Shopping as a destination attraction: An empirical examination of the role of shopping in tourists’ destination choice and experience. J. Vacat. Mark. 10 (4), 294–307. doi:10.1177/135676670401000402
Mubeen, R., Han, D., and Hussain, I. (2020). The effects of market competition, capital structure, and ceo duality on firm performance: A mediation analysis by incorporating the gmm model technique. Sustainability 12 (8), 3480. doi:10.3390/su12083480
Mubeen, R., Han, D., Raza, S., and Bodian, W. (2022). Examining the relationship between product market competition and Chinese firms performance: The mediating impact of capital structure and moderating influence of firm size. Front. Psychol. 12, 709678. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.709678
Murgado-Armenteros, E. M., Guti´errez-Salcedo, M., Torres-Ruiz, F. J., and Cobo, M. J. (2015). Analysing the conceptual evolution of qualitative marketing research through science mapping analysis. Scientometrics 102 (1), 519–557. doi:10.1007/s11192-014-1443-z
Murphy, P., Pritchard, M. P., and Smith, B. (2000). The destination product and its impact on traveller perceptions. Tour. Manag. 21 (1), 43–52. doi:10.1016/s0261-5177(99)00080-1
Nasim, S., and Shamshir, M. (2016). Consumer behavior towards shopping malls: A systematic narrative review. J. Bus. Stud. 14, 81–94. doi:10.46745/ilma.jbs.2018.14.01.07
NeJhaddadgar, N., Ziapour, A., Zakkipour, G., Abolfathi, M., and Shabani, M. (2022). Effectiveness of telephone-based screening and triage during COVID-19 outbreak in the promoted primary healthcare system: A case study in ardabil province, Iran. J. Public Health 30 (5), 1301–1306. doi:10.1007/s10389-020-01407-8
Nikitina, O., and Vorontsova, G. (2004). Aging population and tourism: socially determined model of consumer behavior in the “Senior Tourism” Segment. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 214, 845–851. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.736
Noy, C. (2004). This trip really changed me: Backpackers’ narratives of self-change. Ann. Tour. Res. 31 (1), 78–102. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2003.08.004
Nunthiphat, A. (2017). The application of SOR paradigm: The role of social media in Thailand destination image and behavioral inetentions. Thailand: Bangkok National Institute of Development Administration.
Othman, R., Musa, R., Muda, M., and Mohamed, R. (2016). Conceptualization of immersive brand experience (IBX) measurement scale of emotion. Procedia Econ. Finance 37, 208–213. doi:10.1016/s2212-5671(16)30115-0
Papavasileiou, E. F., and Tzouvanas, P. (2020). Tourism carbon kuznets-curve hypothesis: A systematic literature review and a paradigm shift to a corporation-performance perspective. J. Travel Res. 23, 896–911. doi:10.1177/0047287520915276
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., and Berry, L. L. (2018). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. J. Mark. 49 (4), 41–50. doi:10.1177/002224298504900403
Park, J., Musa, G., Moghavvemi, S., Thirumoorthi, T., Taha, A. Z., Mohtar, M., et al. (2019). Travel motivation among cross border tourists: Case study of Langkawi. Tour. Manag. Perspect. 31, 63–71. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2019.03.004
Pan, X., Rasouli, S., and Timmermans, H. (2021). Investigating tourist destination choice: effect of destination image from social network members. Tour. Manag. 83, 104217. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104217
Paulson, K. R., Kamath, A. M., Alam, T., Bienhoff, K., Abady, G. G., Abbas, J., et al. (2021). Global, regional, and national progress towards sustainable development goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: All-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet 398 (10303), 870–905. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01207-1
Peter, J. P., and Olson, J. C. (2002). Consumer behavior and marketing strategy. New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin.
Peter, S., and Anankumar, V. (2016). Deconstructing the shopping experience of tourists to the Dubai shopping festival. Cogent Bus. Manag. 3, 1199109–1199111. doi:10.1080/23311975.2016.1199109
Ponsignon, F., Lunardo, R., and Michrafy, M. (2020). Why are international visitors more satisfied with the tourism experience? The role of hedonic value, escapism, and psychic distance. J. Travel Res. 60, 1771–1786. doi:10.1177/0047287520961175
Pouresmaeil, M., Solhi, M., Ziapour, A., and Fattahi, E. (2019). Prioritizing health promotion lifestyle domains in students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences from the students and professors' perspective. J. Educ. Health Promot. 8, 228. doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_250_19
Prayag, G., Hosany, S., Murkat, B., and Chiappa, G. (2017a). Understanding the relationships between tourists’ emotional experiences, perceived overall image, satisfaction, and intention to recommend. J. Travel Res. 56, 41–54. doi:10.1177/0047287515620567
Prayag, G., Hosany, S., Muskat, B., and Del Chiappa, G. (2017b). Understanding the relationships between tourists’ emotional experiences, perceived overall image, satisfaction, and intention to recommend. J. Travel Res. 56 (1), 41–54. doi:10.1177/0047287515620567
Quan, S., and Wang, N. (2004). Towards a structural model of the tourist experience: An illustration from food experiences in tourism. Tour. Manag. 25 (3), 297–305. doi:10.1016/s0261-5177(03)00130-4
Rabbiosi, C. (2015). Renewing a historical legacy: Tourism, leisure shopping and urban branding in Paris. Cities 42, 195–203. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2014.07.001
Rahmat, T. E., Raza, S., Zahid, H., Mohd Sobri, F., and Sidiki, S. (2022). Nexus between integrating technology readiness 2.0 index and students’ e-library services adoption amid the COVID-19 challenges: Implications based on the theory of planned behavior. J. Educ. Health Promot. 11 (1), 50. doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_508_21
Real Insights Qatar (2020). Kpmg. Available at: https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/qa/pdf/2020/10/kpmg-real-insights-qatar-h1-2020-english.pdf.
Ramesh, V., and Jaunky, V. C. (2021). The tourist experience: Modelling the relationship between tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty. Mater. Today: Proc. 37, 2284–2289. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.723
Rodríguez-Lo´pez, M. E., Alca´ntara-Pilar, J. M., Del Barrio-García, S., and Mun˜oz-Leiva, F. (2020). A review of restaurant research in the last two decades: A bibliometric analysis. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 87, 102387. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102387
Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., and Hatamifar, P. (2021). Understanding memorable tourism experiences and behavioural intentions of heritage tourists. J. Destination Marketing & Manag. 21, 100621. doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100621
Sarılgan, A., Akan, S., Bakir, M., and Sulec, H. (2022). The impact of advertising creativity on purchase intention in the airline industry: A stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) perspective. Eur. J. Tour. Res. 30, 3014–3021. doi:10.54055/ejtr.v30i.2169
Shen, S. Y. (2016). Perceived value in tourism experience. Massachusetts. Paper presented at the Travel and Tourism Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally.
Shim, C., and Santos, C. A. (2014). Tourism, place and placelessness in the phenomenological experience of shopping malls in Seoul. Tour. Manag. 45, 106–114. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2014.03.001
Shoib, S., Gaitan Buitrago, J. E. T., Shuja, K. H., Aqeel, M., de Filippis, R., Abbas, J., et al. (2021). Suicidal behavior sociocultural factors in developing countries during COVID-19. L'Encephale. 47, 78–82. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2021.06.011
Shuja, K. H., Aqeel, M., Abbas, J., Ahmed, A., et al. (2020a). COVID-19 pandemic and impending global mental health implications. Psychiatr. Danub. 32 (1), 32–35. doi:10.24869/psyd.2020.32
Shuja, K. H., ShahidullahAqeel, M., Khan, E. A., and Abbas, J. (2020b). Letter to highlight the effects of isolation on elderly during COVID-19 outbreak. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 35 (12), 1477–1478. doi:10.1002/gps.5423
Sirgy, M. J., Grewal, D., Mangleburg, T. F., Park, J. O., Chon, K. S., Claiborne, C. B., et al. (1997). Assessing the predictive validity of two methods of measuring self-image congruence. J. Acad. Mark. Sci. 25 (3), 229–241. doi:10.1177/0092070397253004
Song, H., Dwyer, L., Li, G., and Cao, Z. (2012). Tourism economics research. UK: Core UK. Available at: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/194117239.pdf.
Soon, J. M., Baines, R., and Seaman, P. (2012). Meta-analysis of food safety training on hand hygiene knowledge and attitudes among food handlers. J. Food Prot. 75 (4), 793–804. doi:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-11-502
Soroush, A., Ziapour, A., Jahanbin, I., Andayeshgar, B., Moradi, F., and Cheraghpouran, E. (2021). Effects of group logotherapy training on self-esteem, communication skills, and impact of event scale-revised (IES-R) in older adults. Ageing Int. 46, 1–12. doi:10.1007/s12126-021-09458-2
Stylos, N., Vassiliadis, C. A., Bellou, V., and Andronikidis, A. (2016). Destination images, holistic images and personal normative beliefs: pedictors of intention to revisit a destination. Tour. Manag. 53 (40), 1–60. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.006
Su, Z., McDonnell, D., Cheshmehzangi, A., Li, X., and Cai, Y. (2021a). The promise and perils of Unit 731 data to advance COVID-19 research. BMJ Glob. Health 6 (5), e004772. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004772
Su, Z., McDonnell, D., Li, X., Bennett, B., Segalo, S., Abbas, J., et al. (2021b). COVID-19 vaccine donations-vaccine empathy or vaccine diplomacy? A narrative literature review. Vaccines (Basel) 9 (9), 1024. doi:10.3390/vaccines9091024
Su, Z., McDonnell, D., Shi, L., Cai, Y., and Yang, L. (2021c). Secondhand smoke exposure of expectant mothers in China: Factoring in the role of culture in data collection. JMIR Cancer 7 (4), e24984. doi:10.2196/24984
Su, Z., McDonnell, D., Wen, J., Kozak, M., Segalo, S., Xiang, Y. T., et al. (2021d). Mental health consequences of COVID-19 media coverage: The need for effective crisis communication practices. Glob. Health 17 (1), 4. doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00654-4
Sulaiti, K. A., Ahmed, Z. U., and Beldona, S. (2006). Arab Consumers’ Behavior Towards Credit Card Usage. J. Transnational Manag. 12 (1), 69–86. doi:10.1300/J482v12n01_05
Sundström, M., Lundberg, C., and Wallstrom, S. (2014). Tourist shopping motivation: Go with the flow or follow the plan. Int. J. Qual. Serv. Sci. 3 (2), 211–224. doi:10.1108/17566691111146104
Surge, Market (2014). Locals can expect more choices than ever before. Oxford. Available at: https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/market-surge-locals-can-expect-more-choices-ever.
Talwar, S., Kaur, P., Nunkoo, R., and Dhir, A. (2022). Digitalization and sustainability: Virtual reality tourism in a post pandemic world. J. Sustain. Tour., 1–28. doi:10.1080/09669582.2022.2029870
Tan, G. W.-H., and Ooi, K.-B. (2018). Gender and age: Do they really moderate mobile tourism shopping behavior?. Telemat. Inform. 35 (6), 1617–1642. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2018.04.009
Tasci, A. D. A., and Gartner, W. C. (2016). Destination image and its functional relationships. J. Travel Res. 45 (4), 413–425. doi:10.1177/0047287507299569
Tavitiyaman, P., Qu, H., Tsang, W.-s. L, and Lam, C.-w. R. (2021). The influence of smart tourism applications on perceived destination image and behavioral intention: The moderating role of information search behavior. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 46 (4), 476–487. doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.02.003
Thaivalappil, A., Waddell, L., Greig, J., Meldrum, R., and Young, I. (2018). A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative research studies on factors affecting safe food handling at retail and food service. Food control. 89, 97–107. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.01.028
Tian, Z., Shi, Z., and Cheng, Q. (2021). Examining the antecedents and consequences of mobile travel app engagement. PLOS ONE 16 (3), e0248460–14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248460
Torres-Moraga, E. I., Alonso-Dos-Santos, M., Quezada Arboleda, D., and Carvajal-Trujillo, E. (2021). The role of experience and trustworthiness on perception sustainable touristic destinations. J. Hospitality Tourism Manag. 49, 471–480. doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.11.002
Trip Advisor, The unique and unforgettable Grand bazaar of isfahan! (2019). Available at: https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g295423-d6925478-r653796585-Bazaar_of_Isfahan-Isfahan_Isfahan_Province.html
TripAdvisor (Producer (2019). TripAdvisor. TripAdvisor. Available at: https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g294008-Activities-c26-t143-Qatar.html.
Tung, V. W. S., and Ritchie, J. B. (2011). Exploring the essence of memorable tourism experiences. Ann. Tour. Res. 38 (4), 1367–1386. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.03.009
Tyrrell, T., and Johnston, R. (2006). The economic impacts of tourism: A special issue. J. Travel Res. 45 (1), 3–7. doi:10.1177/0047287506288876
UNWTO (2021). Glossary of tourism terms. Available at: https://www.unwto.org/glossary-tourism-terms.
Uriely, N. (2005). The tourist experience: Conceptual developments. Ann. Tour. Res. 32 (1), 199–216. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2004.07.008
Usakli, A., and Baloglu, S. (2011). Brand personality of tourist destinations: An application of self-congruity theory. Tour. Manag. 32 (1), 114–127. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.06.006
Viator, C., Bliststein, J., Brophy, J. E., and Fraser, A. (2015). Preventing and controlling foodborne disease in commercial and institutional foodservice settings: A systematic review of published intervention studies. J. Food Prot. 78 (2), 446–456. doi:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-14-266
Vu, O. T. K., Alonso, A. D., Martens, W., Ha, L. D. T., Tran, T. D., and Nguyen, T. T. (2022). Hospitality and tourism development through coffee shop experiences in a leading coffee-producing nation. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 106, 103300. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103300
Vuuren, V. C., and Slabbert, E. (2011a). International conference on tourism and management studies. AlGrave. Paper presented at the.Travel motivation and behavior of tourists to a South African resort
Vuuren, V. C., and Slabbert, E. (2011b). Travel motivations and behavior of tourists international COnference on Tourism and management studies, 295–304.
Wang, N. (1999). Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience. Ann. Tour. Res. 26 (2), 349–370. doi:10.1016/s0160-7383(98)00103-0
Wen, J., and Huang, S. (2021). The effects of fashion lifestyle, perceived value of luxury consumption, and tourist–destination identification on visit intention: a study of Chinese cigar aficionados. J. Dest. Mark. Manage. 22, 100664. doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100664
Wong, J. W. C., and Lai, I. K. W. (2021). Gaming and non-gaming memorable tourism experiences: how do they influence young and mature tourists’ behavioural intentions?. J. Dest. Mark. Manage. 21, 100642. doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100642
Wong, I., and Wan, Y. (2013). A systematic approach to scale development in tourist shopping satisfaction: Linking destination attributes and shopping experience. J. Travel Res. 52, 29–41. doi:10.1177/0047287512457263
Wongkerd, M. (2017). A determinant of community shopping malls as tourists’. Attractiveness J. Adv. Manag. Sci., 355–362.
Wongkred, N. (2017). A determinant of community shopping malls as tourists’ attractiveness. J. Adv. Manag. Sci. 5 (5), 355–362. doi:10.18178/joams.5.5.355-362
Wu, S., Wong, I. A., and Lin, Z. (2021). Understanding the role of atmospheric cues of travel apps: a synthesis between media richness and stimulus–organism–response theory. J. Hosp. Tour. Manag. 49, 226–234. doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.09.014
Xiang, Z., Schwartz, Z., Gerdes, J. H., and Uysal, M. (2015). What can big data and text analytics tell us about hotel guest experience and satisfaction? Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 44, 120–130. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.10.013
Yao, J., Ziapour, A., Toraji, R., and NeJhaddadgar, N. (2022). Assessing puberty-related health needs among 10–15-year-old boys: A cross-sectional study approach. Arch. Pédiatrie 29 (2), 307–311. doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2021.11.018
Yoosefi Lebni, J., Khorami, F., Khosravi, B., Jalali, A., and Ziapour, A. (2020). Challenges facing women survivors of self-immolation in the Kurdish regions of Iran: A qualitative study. Front. Psychiatry 11, 778. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00778
Yoosefi Lebni, J., Moradi, F., Salahshoor, M. R., Chaboksavar, F., Irandoost, S. F., and Ziapour, A. (2021). How the COVID-19 pandemic effected economic, social, political, and cultural factors: A lesson from Iran. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 67 (3), 298–300. doi:10.1177/0020764020939984
Young, I., Thaivalappil, A., Greig, J., Meldrum, R., and Waddell, L. (2018). Explaining the food safety behaviours of food handlers using theories of behaviour change: A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 28 (3), 323–340. doi:10.1080/09603123.2018.1476846
Young, I., Waddell, L. A., Wilhelm, B. J., and Greig, J. (2020). A systematic review and meta regression of single group, pre-post studies evaluating food safety education and training interventions for food handlers. Food Res. Int. 128, 108711. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108711
Yu, S., Draghici, A., Negulescu, O. H., and Ain, N. U. (2022). Social media application as a new paradigm for business communication: The role of COVID-19 knowledge, social distancing, and preventive attitudes. Front. Psychol. 13, 903082. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.903082
Yuksel, A. (2007a). Tourist shopping habitat: Effects on emotions, shopping value and behaviours. Tour. Manag. 28 (1), 58–69. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2005.07.017
Yuksel, A. (2007b). Tourist shopping habitat: Effects on emotions, shopping value and behaviours. Tour. Manag. 28, 58–69. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2005.07.017
Yuksel, A., Yuksel, F., and Bilim, Y. (2010). Destination attachment: Effects on customer satisfaction and cognitive, affective and conative loyalty. Tour. Manag. 31 (2), 274–284. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2009.03.007
Zaman, U., and Aktan, M. (2021). Examining residents’ cultural intelligence, place image and foreign tourist attractiveness: A mediated-moderation model of support for tourism development in Cappadocia (Turkey). J. Hospitality Tourism Manag. 46, 393–404. doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.01.017
Zhang, K., Chen, Y., and Li, C. (2019). Discovering the tourists’ behaviors and perceptions in a tourism destination by analyzing photos’ visual content with a computer deep learning model: The case of Beijing. Tour. Manag. 75, 595–608. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2019.07.002
Zhang, Z., Plathong, S., Sun, Y., Guo, Z., Munnoy, T., Ma, L., et al. (2020). Analysis of the island tourism environment based on tourists’ perception—A case study of Koh Lan, Thailand. Ocean Coast. Manage. 197, 105326. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105326
Zhang, X., Husnain, M., Yang, H., Ullah, S., and Zhang, R. (2022). Corporate business strategy and tax avoidance culture: Moderating role of gender diversity in an emerging economy. Front. Psychol. 13, 827553. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.827553
Zhou, Y., Draghici, A., Mubeen, R., Boatca, M. E., and Salam, M. A. (2021). Social media efficacy in crisis management: Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions to manage COVID-19 challenges. Front. Psychiatry 12, 626134. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626134
Zimmerman, J. (2017). The digital liberary. Available at: https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149694/m2/1/high_res_d/thesis.pdf.Using the SOR Model to understand the impact of website attributes on the online shopping experience
Keywords: mega shopping centres, tourism environment capacity rate, tourists behavior, destination, revisit intensions, COVID-19
Citation: Al-Sulaiti I (2022) Mega shopping malls technology-enabled facilities, destination image, tourists’ behavior and revisit intentions: Implications of the SOR theory. Front. Environ. Sci. 10:965642. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.965642
Received: 10 June 2022; Accepted: 18 July 2022;
Published: 08 September 2022.
Edited by:
Usama Awan, Lappeenranta University of Technology, FinlandReviewed by:
Joanna Rosak-Szyrocka, Częstochowa University of Technology, PolandLuigi Aldieri, University of Salerno, Italy
Wasim Ahmad, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia
Azhar Abbas, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Copyright © 2022 Al-Sulaiti. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Ibrahim Al-Sulaiti, aWJyYWhpbS5hbHN1bGFpdGlAbm9ydGh1bWJyaWEuYWMudWs=