Meng Li
Xiaozeng Han
Lu-Jun Li- 1Hailun National Observation and Research Station of Agroecosystems, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
- 2College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Soil total nitrogen is the major indicator of soil fertility and quality in agricultural ecosystems. However, few comparative studies investigated the spatial patterns of soil total nitrogen density (STND) in deep soils of different land uses and soil types. Therefore, our study aimed to identify the influence of environmental factors on spatial variability in STND by comparing the STND spatial patterns of different land uses and soil types in a typical Mollisols in northeast China. Results showed that land use types did not significantly affect STND, but the soil types did. The STND was more heterogeneous above 60 cm than that in subsoil, and no significant changes in STND were found in the same land use or soil type. The STND had a significant correlation with SOC, soil BD and pH regardless of land use or soil type. The STND in the soil profile (100 cm) and top 20 cm was fitted using a mathematical model. The results provided insights into nitrogen cycle and stock in similar areas in northeast China.
Introduction
Soil total nitrogen (STN) is the major determinant and indicator of soil fertility and quality in an agricultural ecosystem and is closely related to soil productivity (Al-Kaisi et al., 2005). STN reduction leads to decrease in soil fertility, soil nutrient supply, penetrability and soil productivity (Gray and Morant, 2003). A good understanding of STN distribution and associated soil factors is of great importance to sustainable land-use management and provides a basis for agricultural measurements (McGrath and Zhang, 2003).
STN is heterogeneously distributed in soils, and its variation, affected by research scale or degree of support, spacing and range (Wang et al., 2009), is caused by multiple factors, including parent material and land use (Jenny, 1941; Ross et al., 1999; Jin-Shi et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2009). Soil types strongly affect STN distribution (Jia et al., 2017; Yao et al., 2019). Meanwhile, land use change stimulates dynamic effects adjusting the spatial distribution of STN. Climate change and human activities, especially current policy interference, have increased the frequency of land use changes (Ostwald and Chen, 2006). Previous studies mostly focused on the upper soil (<0.2 m) and rarely considered the vertical distribution of deep soils. However, like soil organic carbon, the storage of STN at 100 cm is equivalent to 2–3 times of the terrestrial pool storage (Smith, 2004). Small changes can cause global greenhouse effect changes, and the impact of land use type and soil type on STN cannot be ignored.
Mollisols plays a vital role in national food security and the most important soil resource for crop production in China (Liu et al., 2012). However, few comparative studies investigated the spatial distribution of STN density (STND) in different land use and soil types in deep soils in identical landscape ecosystems, and thus strategies for forecasting ecosystem responses to environmental changes when land use changes are currently limited. Thus, the aims of this study were to identify and compare the spatial patterns of STND in a typical Mollisols among different land uses and among soil types in deep soils and further analyze the influence of relevant environmental factors on its spatial variation.
Material and Methods
Three counties Lindian, Hailun and Baoqing (longitude 124°32′–131°42′, latitude 45°55′–47°59′) were selected as the representative fields of key soil textures [Haplic Phaeozem, Haplic Chenozem and Luvic Phaeozem (FAO/UNESCO)] in Heilongjiang Province, China. The land use types of the three typical counties included dry cropland and rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddy. Soil samples at this stage were collected under a “carbon project” supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. After the collection of soil samples along the soil profile, the physical and chemical properties were determined. Based on the values obtained from the weighted average depth of each soil profile, the STN concentration of each fixed deep layer (20 cm) was calculated. Each profile was divided into five layers (0–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm). Detailed description of the scientific research area, soil analysis, STN density calculations and data processing can be seen in the article of Li et al. (2019).
All analyses were carried out using SPSS 18.0 statistical analysis package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States). The correlations between STNDs and influencing factors (SOC, pH, soil BD and soil texture) were analyzed using one-way variance and bivariate correlations. The effects of land use types, soil types, soil depths and mutual influences were determined using three-way variation, and the significance of the difference was evaluated with Duncan’s test (p < 0.05). A stepwise method involving the double elimination method was used in selecting the predictive analysis independent variables in the regression analysis. The regression analysis was used in exploring the correlation between the STNDs of the 0–20 and 0–100 cm layers.
Results and Discussions
Soil Total Nitrogen Density Distribution at Different Depths Under Different Land Uses and Soil Types
Three-way ANOVA showed that land use types did not significantly affect STND, but soil types and depths affected STND. Their interactions did not significantly affect STND (Supplementary Table S1). Differences in STND among the 0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm deep layers were significant (p < 0.05), whereas the difference between the 60–80, and 80–100 cm deep layers was not significant (p > 0.05, Table 1). The effect of land use types on STND was not significant (p > 0.05), but soil types significantly affected STND (p < 0.05, Table 1). The results showed that the STND above 60 cm depth was more heterogeneous than that below 60 cm, and the STND below 60 cm depth had no significant difference in the same land use or soil type. The influence of soil type on soil nitrogen stock has been confirmed (Wang et al., 2009). The influence is related to soil basic properties, such as texture. Specific surface area increases with the content of fine particles, and STND increases with the adsorption capacity of soil (Wang et al., 2009). Previous studies reported that the average SOC density of paddy fields was usually higher than that of dry land (Yu et al., 2004), and thus the carbon sequestration potential of paddy soils was higher than that of dry lands and is usually interpreted as low organic carbon mineralization under wet conditions (Liu et al., 2006). However, we did not observe significant difference in STND between the rice paddy and dry land in the present study (Table 1). This result indicated that difference in STND between land use types is likely affected by soil layers, soil types, and other factors (Liu et al., 2006).
TABLE 1. Different depths of soil total nitrogen density (STND) distribution under different land use and soil types.
Relationships Between Soil Total Nitrogen Density and Soil Variables
A large-scale study (Jin-Shi et al., 2009) found a positive correlation between STND and soil variables. However, the correlation coefficients were inconsistent in variables and land use types because agriculture-related factors (e.g., tillage, fertilization and irrigation) were more critical than natural factors in influencing the STND of agricultural ecosystems (Wang et al., 2009). In this study, Pearson analysis between STND and soil properties showed that the STNDs on all land use and soil types was significantly correlated with SOC, soil BD and pH (Figure 1). Soil pH affects microbial community structure and diversity, and controls decomposition and nitrification processes (Zhou et al., 2019). In addition, as an indicator of compactness, BD can affect soil water and nutrient flow and reduce biodiversity. Therefore, there is a correlation between soil pH, BD, and STND (Zhang et al., 2020). In addition, using multiple step-wise method regression, the relationship between STND and soil properties in different land use and soil types was quantitatively analyzed. SOC was only selected as an important predictor variable in the linear model, which explained 32.1–66.7% of variation in STND (Supplementary Table S2). According to the correlation and multivariate linear regression results, these relationships were independent of land uses.
FIGURE 1. Relationship of soil total nitrogen density (STND) and soil properties in 0–100 cm depth was analysed using Pearson correlations; ** represent significance at the 0.01 probability level.
Relationships of Soil Total Nitrogen Density Between Topsoil and Subsoil
Deep STND estimates are time consuming on a large scale. The accurate estimation of the STNDs of deep soils on the basis of the STND of the topsoil saves a considerable amount of time. In our previous study, we found that SOC densities of the top 20 cm layer and 100 cm-deep layer had a good linear relationship (Li et al., 2019). The present study showed a linear relationship between STND in the top (20 cm) and deep (100 cm) soils (Figure 2). Thus, we suggested that the STND in the top (20 cm) soil can be used in estimating the STND of the 0–100 cm layer in similar areas. A previous study indicated that because of the difference of chemical composition of carbon and nitrogen in topsoil and subsoils, TN stocks in topsoil were higher than those in subsoil in different land use. Forest, paddy and cassava topsoil had different profile distribution (Liu et al., 2018; Kunlanit et al., 2019). Thus, estimation accuracy can be increased by using the following conditions: the application of a lower soil classification module (such as subclasses or soil genus) and the STND in the soil profile are stable for a long time (Li et al., 2019).
FIGURE 2. Relationship of total nitrogen density (STND) between 0–20 and 0–100 cm depths.
In conclusion, land use types did not significantly affect STN density (STND) in contrast to soil types. The STND below the 60 cm depth showed no significant difference in the same land use type or soil type. SOC, soil BD and soil pH were significantly correlated with STND. Establishing a good mathematical model between the 0–20 and 0–100 cm profile is a practical approach for estimating STN in deep soils using topsoil STND data in the future.
Data Availability Statement
The raw data supporting the conclusion of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Author Contributions
ML and L-JL conceived the conceptual design and methodology of the article. ML and XH carried out the formal analysis, which was validated by all co-authors. ML wrote the manuscript with contributions from all co-authors.
Funding
The study was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program (XDA23060502, XDA28010301) and the Research Program of Frontier Sciences (ZDBS-LY-DQC017) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.945305/full#supplementary-material
References
Al-Kaisi, M. M., Yin, X., and Licht, M. A. T. (2005). Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Changes as Influenced by Tillage and Cropping Systems in Some Iowa Soils. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 105, 635–647. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2004.08.002
Gray, L. C., and Morant, P. (2003). Reconciling Indigenous Knowledge with Scientific Assessment of Soil Fertility Changes in Southwestern Burkina Faso. Geoderma 111, 425–437. doi:10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00275-6
Jenny, H. (1941). Factors of Soil Formation : A System of Quantitative Pedology/Hans Jenny. Soil Sci. 42, 1412–1418. doi:10.2134/agronj1941.00021962003300090016x
Jia, S., Li, H., Wang, Y., Tong, R., and Li, Q. (2017). Hyperspectral Imaging Analysis for the Classification of Soil Types and the Determination of Soil Total Nitrogen. Sensors 17, 2252. doi:10.3390/s17102252
Jin-Shi, L., Xue-Zheng, S., Xi-Xi, L., Dong-Sheng, Y., Hong-Jie, W., Yong-Cun, Z., et al. (2009). Storage and Spatial Variation of Phosphorus in Paddy Soils of China. Pedosphere 19, 790–798. doi:10.1016/S1002-0160(09)60174-0
Kunlanit, B., Butnan, S., and Vityakon, P. (2019). Land-Use Changes Influencing C Sequestration and Quality in Topsoil and Subsoil. Agronomy 9, 520. doi:10.3390/agronomy9090520
Li, M., Han, X., Du, S., and Li, L.-J. (2019). Profile Stock of Soil Organic Carbon and Distribution in Croplands of Northeast China. Catena 174, 285–292. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2018.11.027
Liu, Q.-H., Shi, X.-Z., Weindorf, D. C., Yu, D.-S., Zhao, Y.-C., Sun, W.-X., et al. (2006). Soil Organic Carbon Storage of Paddy Soils in China Using the 1:1,000,000 Soil Database and Their Implications for C Sequestration. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 20, GB3024. doi:10.1029/2006gb002731
Liu, X., Lee Burras, C., Kravchenko, Y. S., Duran, A., Huffman, T., Morras, H., et al. (2012). Overview of Mollisols in the World: Distribution, Land Use and Management. Can. J. Soil. Sci. 92, 383–402. doi:10.4141/cjss2010-058
Liu, X., Li, L., Wang, Q., and Mu, S. (2018). Land-use Change Affects Stocks and Stoichiometric Ratios of Soil Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in a Typical Agro-Pastoral Region of Northwest China. J. Soils Sediments 18, 3167–3176. doi:10.1007/s11368-018-1984-5
McGrath, D., and Zhang, C. (2003). Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon Concentrations in Grassland of Ireland. Appl. Geochem. 18, 1629–1639. doi:10.1016/S0883-2927(03)00045-3
Ostwald, M., and Chen, D. (2006). Land-use Change: Impacts of Climate Variations and Policies Among Small-Scale Farmers in the Loess Plateau, China. Land Use Policy 23, 361–371. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2005.04.004
Ross, D. J., Tate, K. R., Scott, N. A., and Feltham, C. W. (1999). Land-use Change: Effects on Soil Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pools and Fluxes in Three Adjacent Ecosystems. Soil Biol. Biochem. 31, 803–813. doi:10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00180-1
Smith, P., and Smith, P. (2004). Soils as Carbon Sinks: the Global Context. Soil Use Manage 20, 212–218. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00361.x
Wang, Y., Zhang, X., and Huang, C. (2009). Spatial Variability of Soil Total Nitrogen and Soil Total Phosphorus under Different Land Uses in a Small Watershed on the Loess Plateau, China. Geoderma 150, 141–149. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.01.021
Yao, X., Yang, W., Li, M., Zhou, P., and Liu, Z. (2019). Prediction of Total Nitrogen Content in Different Soil Types Based on Spectroscopy. IFAC-PapersOnLine 52, 270–276. doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.12.533
Yu, K., Chen, G., and Patrick, W. H. (2004). Reduction of Global Warming Potential Contribution from a Rice Field by Irrigation, Organic Matter, and Fertilizer Management. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 18, GB3018. doi:10.1029/2004gb002251
Zhang, R., Zhao, X., Zhang, C., and Li, J. (2020). Impact of Rapid and Intensive Land Use/Land Cover Change on Soil Properties in Arid Regions: A Case Study of Lanzhou New Area, China. Sustainability 12, 9226. doi:10.3390/su12219226
Keywords: soil nitrogen stock, spatial pattern, profile distribution, soil nitrogen density, black soil
Citation: Li M, Han X and Li L-J (2022) Total Nitrogen Stock in Soil Profile Affected by Land Use and Soil Type in Three Counties of Mollisols. Front. Environ. Sci. 10:945305. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.945305
Received: 16 May 2022; Accepted: 13 June 2022;
Published: 30 June 2022.
Edited by:
Guanghui Yu, Tianjin University, ChinaReviewed by:
Jun Wang, Shandong Agricultural University, ChinaGuifen Chen, Jilin Agriculture University, China
Copyright © 2022 Li, Han and Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Lu-Jun Li, bGlsdWp1bkBpZ2EuYWMuY24=