Andréa Julien ^1,2* Erwan Messager ¹ Elise Doyen ³ David Etienne ⁴ Laurent Marquer ² Charline Giguet-Covex ¹

• ¹ UMR5204 Environnements, Dynamiques et TErritoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Bourget Du Lac, France
• ² Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
• ³ Paleobotalab, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
• ⁴ INRA Centre Alpin de Recherche sur les Réseaux Trophiques des Ecosystèmes Limniques, Thonon-les-bains, France

This study, conducted on the Plateau des Glières, in the northern French Alps, investigates the evolution of vegetation composition over the past 7000 years, based on a detailed analysis of pollen, NPP, macro-charcoal and geochemical data from peat cores. This site, within a montane ecosystem, offers a new opportunity to understand the human and landscape interactions under the influence of climate. To study these interactions as a whole and by integrating their complexity, we used two conceptual frameworks: the agroecosystem and the trajectory. The vegetation history of the Plateau des Glières is dominated by forest, due to its location within the montane belt (1435 m). However, the vegetation composition trajectory of the Glières reveals three regimes: two are characterised by an evolutionary trend of the system, and between them, a third regime is characterised by a "dynamic steady state" of the system. The first regime, corresponding to the Neolithic period, is initially characterised by a closed forested environment with a progressive trend toward a more open landscape due to the first agro-pastoral activities. The second regime is recorded from the very end of the Neolithic until the High Roman Empire. It corresponds to a relatively stationary system, characterised by the progressive development of pastoral activities leading to low impacts on the landscape. This long period (4300 to 1800 cal. BP) is characterized by the sustainability of the agroecosystem that developed. After this long pseudo-stable phase, a tipping point in the vegetation composition trajectory is highlighted. The third regime, spanning from the Migration Period to the present day, is the result of the intensification and diversification of agro-pastoral activities (pastoralism, cereal crops and fruit trees). The landscape that we can see today in the Plateau des Glières is the legacy of this trajectory characterising the interactions between ecosystems and human societies, i.e. the socio-ecosystem. While the agroecosystem trajectory reconstructed on the Plateau des Glières is rather consistent with the altitudinal model of anthropization previously proposed for this region, the vegetation response to the activities is unusual because it shows a long phase of ecosystem stability despite the relatively high human pressure.