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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Energy Res.
Sec. Solar Energy
Volume 12 - 2024 | doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1399371
This article is part of the Research Topic Ensuring the Reliability of Solar Photovoltaics View all 5 articles

Energy performance of self-powered Green IoT nodes

Provisionally accepted
Godlove Suila Kuaban Godlove Suila Kuaban 1*Tadeusz Czachórski Tadeusz Czachórski 1Erol Gelenbe Erol Gelenbe 1Sapana Sharma Sapana Sharma 2Pradeep Singh Pradeep Singh 2Piotr Pecka Piotr Pecka 1Valery Nkemeni Valery Nkemeni 3Piotr Czekalski Piotr Czekalski 4
  • 1 Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, Poland
  • 2 Department of Mathematics, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
  • 3 Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
  • 4 Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Silesian, Poland

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    The widespread adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) partly depends on the successful design and deployment of IoT nodes that can operate for several years without any service outage and the need to replace their energy storage systems (e.g., battery, capacitor, or supercapacitor) when all the stored energy is depleted or when the cycle life of the Energy Storage Systems (ESS) is reached. Replacing batteries in the case of large-scale IoT networks and nodes located in places that are hard to reach is very challenging and costly, requiring the design of IoT nodes that can operate for several years without the need for human intervention. One such example is the deployment of IoT nodes in large agricultural fields (for soil or crop monitoring) or a long-distance pipeline (for pipeline monitoring). This paper investigates the practical implications of imposing energy-saving thresholds on the energy performance metrics of green IoT nodes. We propose an energy packet-based model for the evaluation of the energy performance of a green IoT node with the possibility of switching the node to energy-saving regimes on the fly when the energy content of the ESS reaches defined thresholds. Configuring single or multiple thresholds improves the energy performance of the node significantly (e.g., increases the lifetime of the node and reduces the probability of service outage and energy wastage), and the value of the threshold(s) should be carefully chosen. The energy performance of the IoT node can also be improved by dimensioning the energy harvesting system to ensure that the node operates for several years without running out of energy (e.g., maximizing the lifetime of the nodes and minimising the probability of service outage and energy wastage).

    Keywords: Energy performance, green IoT, energy packets, Energy-efficiency, Energy thresholds, Time-dependent analysis

    Received: 11 Mar 2024; Accepted: 04 Oct 2024.

    Copyright: © 2024 Kuaban, Czachórski, Gelenbe, Sharma, Singh, Pecka, Nkemeni and Czekalski. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Godlove Suila Kuaban, Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, Poland

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.