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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Endocrinol.
Sec. Renal Endocrinology
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1563164
This article is part of the Research Topic Novel Strategies for the Clinical Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome View all 4 articles
Baseline Comorbidity of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome Increases the Risk of Adverse Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Provisionally accepted- 1 Department of Nephrology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, Beijing Municipality, China
- 2 National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, Beijing Municipality, China
Introduction: Our study aims to analyze the relationship between different stage of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients and the risk of progression to all-caused mortality or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Methods and Results: A retrospective cohort study was performed by collecting baseline data of CKD patients. All participants were followed throughout the course of the study. Cox proportional hazards analysis and Fine-Gray subdistribution model was performed to analyze the prognostic value of different CKM stages on the risk of adverse clinical outcomes (all-caused mortality or progression to ESRD) of these patients. 1,358 patients finally completed the follow-up. Among them, 1,233 patients were alive, and 125 patients had died; and 163 patients progressed to ESRD.Baseline CKM stage 3 (OR=3.906, 95% CI=0.988-16.320, p=0.048) and stage 4 (OR=5.728, 95% CI=1.329-24.698, p=0.019) remain independent risk factors for all-cause mortality in CKD patients, while CKM stage 2b (OR=2.739, 95%CI=1.157-6.486, p=0.022) were identified as having an independent risk factor for progression to ESRD in CKD patients by adjusting confounding factors.Our research demonstrated that a high-risk CKM stage can predict adverse clinical outcomes in CKD patients, including all-cause mortality and progression to ESRD.
Keywords: cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome (CKM), Chronic Kidney Disease, all-caused mortality, End-stage renal disease (ESRD), metabolic disease (MD)
Received: 19 Jan 2025; Accepted: 31 Mar 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Meng, Li, Fu and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Aihua Zhang, Department of Nephrology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, Beijing Municipality, China
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