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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Endocrinol.
Sec. Bone Research
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1535509
This article is part of the Research TopicBone Health and Development in Children and Adolescents: Volume IIView all 7 articles
Association between Cardiometabolic Index and Bone Mineral Density among Adolescents in the United States
Provisionally accepted- 1School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- 2The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- 3Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai Municipality, China
- 4Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Shanghai Municipality, China
- 5The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- 6The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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The cardiometabolic index (CMI) serves as a comprehensive metric for evaluating cardiometabolic health, and is correlated with several health outcomes. However, research examining the relationship between CMI and bone mineral density (BMD), particularly in adolescent populations, remains limited and warrants further investigation.The weighted multiple linear regression analysis were conducted to elucidate the association between CMI and BMD.Results: Our study ultimately included 1,514 participants. After adjusting for pertinent covariates, we observed that per-unit increases in the CMI corresponded with reductions in BMD by 0.052 g/cm 2 for femoral neck (β=-0.052, 95% CI: -0.087 to -0.018) and 0.048 g/cm 2 for lumbar spine (L1-L4) (β=-0.048, 95% CI: -0.085 to -0.011). In quartile analyses, individuals in the highest quartile displayed significantly reduced BMD at the femoral neck (β=-0.036, 95% CI: -0.064 to -0.007) and lumbar spine (L1-L4) (β=-0.041, 95% CI: -0.070 to -0.011) compared to those in the lowest quartile (P<0.05). No statistical significance was detected between CMI and BMD at the total femur, trochanter, and intertrochanter sites. Furthermore, stratified analyses indicated no significant interactions involving age, sex, or race in relation to CMI and BMD.In the adolescent population, CMI is inversely related to BMD. These findings highlight a potential link between cardiometabolic health and bone health. Future longitudinal investigations are warranted to determine causal relationships and underlying mechanisms.
Keywords: Cardiometabolic index, bone mineral density, adolescents, Population-based Study, NHANES
Received: 27 Nov 2024; Accepted: 14 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Liu, Xiang, Liu, Chen, Shi, Liu and Liu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Haobiao Liu, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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