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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Endocrinol.
Sec. Renal Endocrinology
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1526694
Association Between Urinary Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio Within Normal Range and Kidney Stones in U.S. Adults: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
Provisionally accepted- 1 The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- 2 Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
Background Kidney stones are a major public health concern, and their prevalence has increased significantly in recent decades. While urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) is a recognized marker for kidney disease, its relationship with kidney stones, especially within the normal UACR range, remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between UACR levels within the normal range and the risk of developing kidney stones.Methods We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted from 2009 to 2018, focusing on adults aged 20 years and older with available UACR data. Using weighted multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models, we assessed the relationship between UACR levels and the prevalence of kidney stones, adjusting for relevant covariates. Subgroup analyses were also performed to evaluate the consistency of this association across demographic and health-related factors.Results The study found that higher UACR levels within the normal range were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of developing kidney stones. Specifically, individuals in the highest quartile of UACR had a 36% higher odds of kidney stones compared to those in the lowest quartile (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.04-1.77). A non-linear, dose-response relationship was observed between UACR levels and kidney stone risk (P < 0.001), with the association remaining consistent across various demographic subgroups. Conclusion Elevated UACR levels, even within the normal range, are strongly associated with a higher risk of kidney stones. This finding highlights the potential of UACR as a valuable biomarker for assessing kidney stone risk in clinical practice.
Keywords: Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, Kidney Stones, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Cross-sectional study, U.S. adults
Received: 12 Nov 2024; Accepted: 25 Feb 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Du, Zhang, Zeng, Li and Liu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Yong Li, Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
Yifu Liu, Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
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