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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Endocrinol.
Sec. Clinical Diabetes
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1510427
This article is part of the Research Topic Nutrient Metabolism and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus View all articles
Association between Baltic sea diet and healthy Nordic diet index with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case-control study
Provisionally accepted
Amr Ali Mohamed Abdelgawwad El-Sehrawy 1*
Mahmood Jawad 2 Yasir Mohammed Hammood 3 Suhas Ballal 4 Manish Srivastava 5 Jaafaru Sani Mohammed 6 Renu Arya 7 Rishiv Kalia 8 Jawad Kadhim 9 Muthena Kareem 10- 1 Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- 2 Al-Zahrawi University, Karbala, Iraq
- 3 University of Al-maarif, Anbar, Al Anbar, Iraq
- 4 Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- 5 NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- 6 Tishk International University (TIU), Erbil, Iraq
- 7 Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Mohali, Punjab, India
- 8 Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
- 9 Al-Nisour University College, Al-Nisour, Baghdad, Iraq
- 10 Islamic University of Najaf, Najaf, Iraq
Recent evidence shows the beneficial effects of Baltic Sea diet score (BSDS) and healthy Nordic diet index (HNDI) on chronic diseases; however, there is no evidence to investigate them on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between BSDS and HNDI with the risk of T2DM.Methods: This study used a case-control design with participants aged 18 to 60 diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in the last six months (225 cases, 450 controls). The evaluation of BSDS and HNDI employed a validated 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Binary logistic regression was used to determine how OBS and T2DM are related.The mean scores for the BSDS and HNDI were 16.00 ± 2.49 and 11.99 ± 2.61, respectively. The final model, which accounted for confounding variables, indicated that increased adherence to the HNDI is associated with a reduced likelihood of developing T2DM (OR = 0.42; 95% CI 0.18-0.98; p for trend = 0.043). Additionally, a significant association was observed between lower likelihood of T2DM and higher BSDS scores in both unadjusted (OR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.31-0.77; p for trend = 0.001) and adjusted (OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.32-0.89; p for trend = 0.003) models.Our research shows that following a Nordic diet significantly reduces the risk of T2DM.Commitment to this dietary pattern may also reduce related risk factors. Further longitudinal studies across diverse populations are needed to validate these findings.
Keywords: Baltic Sea diet, healthy Nordic diet index, type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM, Dietary indices
Received: 12 Oct 2024; Accepted: 03 Mar 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Abdelgawwad El-Sehrawy, Jawad, Hammood, Ballal, Srivastava, Sani Mohammed, Arya, Kalia, Kadhim and Kareem. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Amr Ali Mohamed Abdelgawwad El-Sehrawy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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