94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or good
Learn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish.
Find out more
ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Endocrinol.
Sec. Renal Endocrinology
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1493521
Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Analysis of Patients with Type 2 Diabetic Kidney Disease and Non-Diabetic Kidney Disease
Provisionally accepted- Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
Background: In diabetic patients, non-diabetic kidney disease (NDKD) may occur independently or alongside diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This study explored the utility of kidney biopsy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and the predictability of diagnosing DKD combined with non-diabetic kidney disease (NDKD) using clinical and laboratory data.Methods: This retrospective study examines medical records of T2DM patients who underwent percutaneous renal biopsy at Hangzhou TCM Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, from 2003 to 2023. The patient's demographic, clinical, blood test and pathological examination data were retrieved from their medical records. Multivariate regression analysis evaluated predictive factors for NDKD superimposed on DKD (DKD+NDKD).Results: A total of 285 patients were analyzed. The average age at the time of renal biopsy was 53.26 ± 10.55 years. The duration of diabetes was 93.19 ± 70.78 months. Of the patient population, 35.44% (101/285) were diagnosed with DKD alone, while 64.56% (184/285) had NDKD superimposed on DKD. Immunoglobulin A nephropathy was the most common pathological type in the DKD+NDKD group, accounting for 37.30% of the patients. Cystatin C [HR=2.688, 95% CI 1.035-6.879, P < 0.05] independently predicted the prognosis of patients with DKD+NDKD.Conclusions: These findings suggest that cystatin C plays a role in influencing the prognosis of patients with DKD + NDKD, indicating that NDKD patients might require distinct treatment strategies compared to those with DKD alone. However, further prospective clinical trials are needed to provide more clarity on the prognosis and outcomes of diabetic patients.
Keywords: diabetes, diabetic kidney disease (DKD), Diabetic retinopathy (DR), Non-diabetic kidney disease (NDKD), prognostic analysis
Received: 09 Sep 2024; Accepted: 10 Feb 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Yu, Shi, Chen, Qiu, Gao, Fang, Ni, Yu and Jin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
De Jin, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.