AUTHOR=Yang Sisi , Gong Weiyuan , Wang Yujia , Hao Chuanming , Guan Yi 

TITLE=Unraveling the nexus of NAD+ metabolism and diabetic kidney disease: insights from murine models and human data

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Endocrinology

VOLUME=15

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2024.1384953

DOI=10.3389/fendo.2024.1384953

ISSN=1664-2392

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Background</title><p>Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a critical coenzyme involved in kidney disease, yet its regulation in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains inadequately understood.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Therefore, we investigated the changes of NAD+ levels in DKD and the underlying mechanism.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Alternations of NAD+ levels and its biosynthesis enzymes were detected in kidneys from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model by real-time PCR and immunoblot. The distribution of NAD+ <italic>de novo</italic> synthetic enzymes was explored via immunohistochemical study. NAD+ <italic>de novo</italic> synthetic metabolite was measured by LC-MS. Human data from NephroSeq were analyzed to verify our findings.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The study showed that NAD+ levels were decreased in diabetic kidneys. Both mRNA and protein levels of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) in NAD+ <italic>de novo</italic> synthesis pathway were decreased, while NAD+ synthetic enzymes in salvage pathway and NAD+ consuming enzymes remained unchanged. Further analysis of human data suggested KMO, primarily expressed in the proximal tubules shown by our immunohistochemical staining, was consistently downregulated in human diabetic kidneys.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Our study demonstrated KMO of NAD+ <italic>de novo</italic> synthesis pathway was decreased in diabetic kidney and might be responsible for NAD+ reduction in diabetic kidneys, offering valuable insights into complex regulatory mechanisms of NAD+ in DKD.</p></sec>