AUTHOR=Le Thi Kim Chung , Dao Xuan Dat , Nguyen Dang Vung , Luu Duc Huy , Bui Thi Minh Hanh , Le Thi Huong , Nguyen Huu Thang , Le Tran Ngoan , Hosaka Toshio , Nguyen Thi Thu Thao TITLE=Insulin signaling and its application JOURNAL=Frontiers in Endocrinology VOLUME=14 YEAR=2023 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1226655 DOI=10.3389/fendo.2023.1226655 ISSN=1664-2392 ABSTRACT=

The discovery of insulin in 1921 introduced a new branch of research into insulin activity and insulin resistance. Many discoveries in this field have been applied to diagnosing and treating diseases related to insulin resistance. In this mini-review, the authors attempt to synthesize the updated discoveries to unravel the related mechanisms and inform the development of novel applications. Firstly, we depict the insulin signaling pathway to explain the physiology of insulin action starting at the receptor sites of insulin and downstream the signaling of the insulin signaling pathway. Based on this, the next part will analyze the mechanisms of insulin resistance with two major provenances: the defects caused by receptors and the defects due to extra-receptor causes, but in this study, we focus on post-receptor causes. Finally, we discuss the recent applications including the diseases related to insulin resistance (obesity, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer) and the potential treatment of those based on insulin resistance mechanisms.