AUTHOR=Draman Mohd Shazli , Zhang Lei , Dayan Colin , Ludgate Marian 

TITLE=Orbital Signaling in Graves’ Orbitopathy

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Endocrinology

VOLUME=12

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2021.739994

DOI=10.3389/fendo.2021.739994

ISSN=1664-2392

ABSTRACT=<p>Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) is a complex and poorly understood disease in which extensive remodeling of orbital tissue is dominated by adipogenesis and hyaluronan production. The resulting proptosis is disfiguring and underpins the majority of GO signs and symptoms. While there is strong evidence for the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) being a thyroid/orbit shared autoantigen, the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) is also likely to play a key role in the disease. The pathogenesis of GO has been investigated extensively in the last decade with further understanding of some aspects of the disease. This is mainly derived by using <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>ex vivo</italic> analysis of the orbital tissues. Here, we have summarized the features of GO pathogenesis involving target autoantigens and their signaling pathways.</p>