Increased Level of Angiopoietin Like Proteins 4 and 8 in People With Sleep Apnea

Objective: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder caused by the complete or partial obstruction of the upper airways. The worldwide prevalence of OSA is increasing due to its close association with obesity epidemic and multiple health complications, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and Type 2 diabetes. Angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL)-4 and ANGPTL8 (betatrophin) have been suggested to play a role in the development of these diseases through their role in regulating the metabolism of plasma lipid molecules. This study was designed to evaluate ANGPTL4 and 8 levels in an OSA group and a control group to clarify the effect of OSA on ANGPTL4 and 8 levels.

Methods: In total, 74 subjects were enrolled in this study, including 22 age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls with the Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) score of <5 events/h and 52 subjects with an AHI score of >5 events/h. Sleep apnea was assessed using a portable sleep test. ANGPTL4 and 8 levels were measured in plasma samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: Mean AHI score (2.5 ± 1.6) in the control group was significantly lower than that in the OSA group (22.9 ± 17.9; p < 0.0001). Leptin, interleukin-(IL) 6, insulin, and HOMA-IR values were higher in the OSA group than in the control group. ANGPTL8 level was higher in the OSA group (1130.0 ± 108.61 pg/mL) than in the control group (809.39 ± 108.78 pg/mL; p = 0.041). Similarly, ANGPTL4 was higher in the OSA group (179.26 ± 12.89 ng/mL) than in the control group (142.63 ±7.99 ng/mL; p = 0.018).

Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that ANGPTL4 and 8 levels were increased in subjects with OSA, suggesting that the upregulation of these lipid metabolism regulators might play a role in lipid dysregulation observed in people with OSA.

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide due to widespread obesity, which is one of the main causes of OSA (1). OSA is caused by the partial or complete obstruction of the upper airways, which leads to the development of intermittent hypoxemia and hypercapnia as well as fragmented sleep and daytime lethargy. Presently, the diagnosis of OSA is established using polysomnography (PSG) and the Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) (1). OSA has been recognized as a major health problem associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), hypertension, and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) (2–5). OSA has been shown to dysregulate the major pathways involved in the development of these diseases, such as inflammation, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance (4, 6, 7).

Although the exact mechanism underlying OSA is unknown, inflammation and oxidative stress are considered to play important roles in the OSA development (8–14). Recent studies have shown that plasma levels of a wide range of proinflammatory mediators are elevated in patients with OSA (13, 15). One of the key hallmarks of OSA is intermittent hypoxia (IH) (10). IH has been implicated in inflammation, oxidative stress, and dyslipidemia (10, 16, 17). Recent studies have shown that OSA impairs the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins from human plasma, a process that is reversed using continuous positive airway pressure, which is a well-established treatment for OSA (18). The hydrolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein into fatty acids is catalyzed by enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which is downregulated by hypoxia (19–21). LPL is involved in the hydrolysis of triglyceride from chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) into fatty acids after food intake. LPL activity is regulated by various factors, including angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins, such as ANGPTL3, 4, and 8 (22–24). ANGPTLs are a family of proteins composed of eight members and have been associated with various metabolic pathways, including insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and dyslipidemia (24). ANGPTL4 and 8 are two members of this family and have been shown to play a role in lipid metabolism through regulating plasma lipid levels by inhibiting LPL activity (24–27). ANGPTL4 is a ubiquitously expressed protein that has been shown to be transcriptionally regulated by hypoxia (28–30). Moreover, ANGPTL8 has been shown to regulate the activity of LPL through its interaction with ANGPTL3 (31). Both our and other research groups have shown that ANGPTL8 is associated with insulin resistance and that its levels are increased in obesity, metabolic disease, and T2D (32–40). Considering that OSA is a known risk factor for dyslipidemia and the roles of ANGPTL4 and 8 in regulating the level of lipids in plasma as well as their involvement in metabolic-related pathways, we hypothesized that their levels would be dysregulated in OSA.

Methods

Study Population And Ethical Statement

In total, 74 subjects were enrolled in this study, including 22 controls with an AHI score of <5 events/h and 52 subjects with an AHI score of >5 events/h. Sleep apnea was assessed using a portable sleep test. Control subjects were age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched. BMI was calculated using the standard BMI formula: body weight (kg)/height (m²). The study was approved by the ethical review board of the Dasman Diabetes Institute and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki ethical guideline. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects prior to participation in the study. Exclusion criteria were presence of CVDs and diabetes and a history of major illness.

OSA Assessment

PSG is known as the “gold standard” for the diagnosis of OSA. In our study, we used comprehensive portable PSG devices (“Type 2 devices”) to diagnose OSA. PSG devices monitor sleep stages, oxygen saturation, respiratory effort, heart rate and body position. These data are used to calculate AHI. AHI is the summation of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep, with “apnea” defined as the absence of airflow for ≥10 s and “hypopnea” as the reduction in respiratory effort with ≥4% oxygen desaturation. The “apnea index” (AI) is defined as the number events the of complete cessation of respiration for more than 10 s per hour, whereas the “hypopnea index” (HI) is defined as the number of events of partial airway obstructions per hour that result in 50% ventilation reduction, leading to arterial saturation of ≥ 4%. The subjects were requested to avoid caffeinated drinks and drugs that could affect their sleep. Polysomnographic monitoring was performed using the standard technique. OSA was diagnosed on the basis of the subject's AHI score, where an AHI of >5 events/h of sleep was considered abnormal, indicating that the subject presented with a sleep disease. An aberrant AHI score associated with enormous daytime sleepiness is the hallmark for OSA diagnosis.

Blood Collection And Anthropometric And Biochemical Measurements

After each participant had signed the consent form, a fasting blood sample was collected in a vacutainer (EDTA tube). Plasma was prepared by the centrifugation of the blood containing tubes at 400 × g for 10 min and was then aliquoted and stored at −80°C until assayed (36, 41, 42). Blood pressure was measured using an Omron HEM-907XL digital sphygmomanometer. The mean blood pressure of three readings was recorded. Whole-body composition was determined using a dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry device (Lunar DPX, lunar radiation, Madison, WI). Fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured using the Siemens Dimension RXL chemistry analyzer (Diamond Diagnostics, Holliston, MA). Glycated hemoglobin was measured using the Variant^TM device (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Insulin resistance was calculated using the HOMA-IR formula: FBG (mmol/L) × fasting insulin (mU/L)/22.5.

Circulating Biomarker Levels

ANGPTL8 circulation level was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Wuhan EIAAB Science Co, catalog number E1164H), following the method described in previous studies (36, 41, 42). Briefly, the plasma samples were thawed on ice and centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 5 min at 4°C to remove any cells or platelets remaining in the sample (36, 41, 42). No significant cross-reactivity with other proteins was observed. Intra-assay coefficients of variation were 3.1–5.7%, whereas inter-assay coefficients of variation were 6.2–9.8%. Plasma levels of ANGPTL4, leptin, and IL1, IL6, IL10, INF-γ, IP10, TNF-α were assessed using a multiplexing immunobead array platform according to the manufacturer's instructions (R & D Systems). Data were processed using the Bio-Plex Manager Software version 6 (Bio-Rad), with five-parametric curve fitting. To avoid batch-to-batch variations, samples were measured using reagents from the same batch.

Statistical Analysis

Student's t-test was used for comparisons between subjects with and without OSA. Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to determine associations between ANGPTL4 and 8 levels and OSA. All data were reported as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical assessments were two-sided and considered significant at p < 0.05. All analyses were performed using SAS (version 9r; SAS Institute).

Results

Study Population Characteristics

Our study sample comprised 74 subjects that were allocated into either a healthy control or OSA group on the basis of their AHI score (Table 1). The mean age for the control group was 39.6 ± 2.2 years, whereas that for the OSA group was 40.3 ± 1.6 years (p = 0.794). The mean BMI for the control group was 28.5 ± 0.9 kg/m², whereas that for the OSA group was 29.5 ± 0.7 kg/m² (p = 0.409). Overall, the OSA group showed slightly higher TG, LDL, and total cholesterol levels and lower HDL levels than the control group. However, these differences were not statistically significant.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Characteristics of All subject included in this study according to their OSA state.

Polysomnographic Data

AHI score was used for the diagnosis for OSA. AI, HI, and AHI data showed that the OSA group had a higher number of apnea and hypopnea events than the control group. Mean AI score for the OSA group was 6.7 ± 2.3 events/h, whereas that for the control group was 0.8 ± 0.2 events/h (p = 0.019). Mean HI score for the control group was 1.3 ± 0.3 events/h, whereas that for the OSA group was 14.0 ± 1.8 events/h (p < 0.0001). Finally, mean AHI score for the OSA group was 22.9 ± 17.9, whereas that for the control group was 2.5 ± 1.6 (p < 0.0001; Supplementary Figure 1).

Plasma Levels of Inflammatory Markers

To assess level of inflammation within our cohort several markers have been measured including IL1, IL6, IL10, INF-γ, IP10, and TNF-α. Mean IL6 level in the OSA group was 18.8 ± 2.16 pg/mL, whereas that in the control group was 13.7 ± 1.54 pg/mL (p = 0.057). INF-γ and IP10 were also higher in people with OSA compared to their controls. INF-γ 123.23 ± 23.75 pg/mL vs. 107.50 ± 39.18 pg/mL (p = 0.046). On the other hand, the level of IP10 was 316.99 ± 237.89 pg/mL in people with OSA vs. 240.83 ± 114.75 pg/mL controls (p = 0.06). IL1, IL10, TNF-α did not change between people with OSA and their controls Figure 1.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Plasma level of inflammatory related markers including IL1, IL6, IL10, INF-γ, IP10, TNF-α.

Plasma Levels of Insulin And Leptin

Plasma levels of insulin, leptin, and IL6 were higher in the OSA group than in the control group. Even though the differences were not statistically significant, the values clearly showed an upward trend. Mean insulin level in the control group was 13.94 ± 1.60 U/L, whereas that in the OSA group was 18.28 ± 1.61 U/L (p = 0.063). Leptin and IL6 levels showed a trend similar to that of insulin level. Mean leptin level in the control group was 5.97 ± 0.77 ng/mL, whereas that in the OSA group was 7.60 ± 0.63 ng/mL (p = 0.097; Figure 2).

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Increased plasma level of Leptin and Insulin in people with OSA compared to their age and BMI matched healthy controls.

Plasma Levels of ANGPTL 4 And 8

Plasma levels of both ANGPTL4 and 8 were significantly higher in the OSA group than in the control group. Mean ANGPTL4 level in the OSA group was 179.26 ± 12.89 ng/mL, whereas that in the control group was and 142.63 ± 7.99 ng/mL (p = 0.018). Mean ANGPTL8 level in the control group was 809.39 ± 108.78 pg/mL, whereas that in the OSA group was 1130.00 ± 108.61 pg/mL (p = 0.041; Figure 3).

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. Plasma level of ANGPTL4 and 8 in people with OSA and their BMI and age matched healthy controls.

Discussion

Roles of ANGPTL3, 4, and 8 in dyslipidaemia, obesity, and diabetes, diseases that are closely associated with OSA, are well-established. Our analysis of ANGPTL4 and 8 levels in subjects with OSA and healthy controls has shown that levels of both proteins were significantly increased in subjects with OSA. Plasma level of other inflammatory proteins (IL6), adipokines (leptin), and insulin were also higher in subjects with OSA although these differences were not statistically significant. Plasma lipid levels in the OSA group were also slightly high, but these differences were not statistically significant. Taken together, findings of this study highlight the potential role of ANGPTL 4 and 8 in OSA, and as such, they could act as early markers of OSA. The dysregulation of ANGPTL 4 and 8 might be involved in the development of diseases, such as dyslipidaemia, possibly through hypoxia.

The prevalence of OSA is increasing worldwide due to the similarly increasing prevalence of obesity. A recent meta-analysis has indicated that 20% of adults suffer from moderate OSA and over 7% of adults suffer from severe OSA (1). Growing evidence has suggested the role of OSA in the development of hypertension, stroke, T2D, and dyslipidaemia (2, 3, 11, 12). IH is one of the hallmarks of OSA and is caused by the partial or complete obstruction of the upper airways (1, 10). Many studies have reported that the cause underlying the increased risks associated with OSA is induced IH and its associated pathological processes, such as oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and dyslipidaemia (2, 3, 11, 12). IH has also been shown to play an important role in inhibiting LPL activity and increasing ANGPTL4 levels, leading to dyslipidaemia. Our data show that ANGPTL4 level was increased in subjects with OSA, which highlights the potential role of ANGPTL4 in OSA and the associated complications, such as dyslipidaemia. ANGPTL4 has been shown to be increased in subjects with OSA, and it has been suggested that this increase is mediated by hypoxia. Additionally, our data confirm the assumption that the inhibition of ANGPTL4 is responsible for decreasing VLDL to normal levels and that this reduction in VLDL level is caused by increased LPL activity that follows ANGPTL4 inhibition. In addition, our data confirms for the first time that ANGPTL8 might be increased in OSA further inhibiting LPL activity.

ANGPTL8 is another member of the ANGPTL family that lacks fibrinogen-like domain (31, 43–45). Some members of this family have been shown to regulate glucose, lipid, and energy metabolisms (27). In particular, ANGPTL3 and 4 have been shown to regulate lipid metabolism through their regulation of the rate limiting enzyme in LPL hydrolysis (27). ANGPTL8 has also been shown to play a similar role in regulating LPL through its interaction with ANGPTL3 (31). The role of ANGPTL4 in regulating plasma lipid levels has been under investigation as a therapeutic target (46, 47). Many studies have shown that the loss-of-function mutations in ANGPTL4, particularly the E40K substitution, are associated with reduced plasma levels of TG and HDL (26, 48–50). Further, recent data have demonstrated that carriers of the E40K substitution have a significantly lower risk of developing coronary artery disease than non-carriers (48). Furthermore, it has been shown that mice injected with ANGPTL4 monoclonal antibodies exhibit a low plasma TG as well as increased LPL activity (27). Taken together, these findings suggest that increased ANGPTL4 levels in our study population support the role of ANGPTL4 in OSA development in this population. A possible mechanism underlying this could be ANGPTL4 activation by hypoxia, a known inducer of ANGPTL4 expression (29, 51). It's possible that the increased ANGPTL4 and possibly 8 level will lead to increased expression of inflammatory markers. In this study we have observed increased expression of IL6, INF-γ, and IP10 which have shown to be downregulated in ANGPTL4 adipose tissue specific knockout mice model (52). Nonetheless, ANGPTL4 has also been suggested to decrease inflammation that is caused by the increased plasma TG level associated with ANGPTL4 inhibition of LPL activity and fatty acid uptake (53). Weather ANGPTL4 plays a pro-or anti-inflammatory role in this case will require further studies.

ANGPTL8 or betatrophin has been recognized as a dual-role protein involved in regulating lipid metabolism through its role in regulating LPL. Our and other research groups have recently shown that ANGPTL8 levels is increased in T2D as well as in obesity, which suggests the pathogenic role of this protein in these diseases (33, 34). Our earlier results have indicated that plasma ANGPTL8 level is positively correlated with BMI, SBP, HOMA-IR, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) (33, 34, 36, 54, 55). This indicates that ANGPTL8 may be involved in the mechanism of obesity and MetS. Obesity and MetS are closely associated with OSA. Obesity, particularly central adiposity, is a key risk factor for OSA. Moreover, IH is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and dyslipidemia. A recent report has shown that OSA reduced the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins from human plasma through the inhibition of LPL (1, 9, 10, 29). Moreover, our current findings suggest that hypoxia is a major inducer of ANGPTL8 expression, which could explain the upregulation of ANGPTL8 in subjects with OSA. These findings indicate that ANGPTL8 may be involved in the crosstalk between proteins regulating obesity, hypoxia, and OSA. Additionally, ANGPTL8 can be also playing a role in inducing inflammation. We have previously showed that ANGPTl8 was positively associated with HsCRP (54). Additionally, ANGPTL8 has been suggested to be induced by multiple inflammatory to regulate proinflammatory reactions such as the inhibition of the TNFα-induced NF-κB activation (56). Combined with our observation regarding the level of ANGPTL4 further studies are required to establish the role of these biomarkers in OSA and their involvement in regulating immune response. Given the cross-sectional nature of our study, this constitute one of the main limitation of the current study that does not allow us to establish the causality and the role of ANGPTL4 and 8 proteins in the development of OSA complications.

Conclusions

In conclusion, this study demonstrates that plasma levels of ANGPTL4 and 8 were increased in subjects with OSA compared with those in healthy controls. Hypoxia and obesity may be the major mechanisms underlying the upregulation of these lipid metabolism regulators in subjects with OSA that can also increase inflammation status within these individuals. Further, our data indicate that increased plasma ANGPTL8 level may be an independent predictor of the presence of OSA.

Availability of Data and Material

Data will only be shared upon request from the corresponding authors due to unpublished data and ethical restriction by the institute.

Author Contributions

AA-T: study design and sleep study data interpretation; MA-F: study design, data analysis wrote the manuscript and directed laboratory investigation; IA and PC: performing ELISA assay and critical revision of manuscript; DS: analyzing and managing data; AS and SA: sample handling and storage; FA: interpreting data and critical revision of the manuscript; JT: critical revision of the manuscript; JA: designing the study, interpreting data and critically revising the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Clinical Laboratory and the Tissue Bank Core Facility at DDI for their contribution in handling samples. We are also indebted to Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) for financial support of this research project (RA-2015-043). The corresponding authors had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. None of the authors have been paid to write this article by a pharmaceutical company or other agency.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2018.00651/full#supplementary-material

Supplementary Figure 1. Polysomnographic data showing the Apnea index (AI) as well as the hypopnea index (HI) as well as the combined AI and HI index the AHI for people with or without OSA. OSA was diagnosed based on an AHI >5 events/h. *P < 0.05 as determined using student's t-test.

Abbreviations

AI, Apnea Index; HI, Hypoapnea Index; AHI, Apnea/hypopnea index; BMI, Body mass index; CV, Coefficients of variation; HDL, High-density lipoprotein; LDL, Low-density lipoprotein; ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; TC, Total cholesterol; FBG, Fasting blood glucose; HbA1C, Glycated hemoglobin; ANGPTL, Angiopoietin-like protein; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; TG, Triglyceride; IH, Intermittent hypoxia.

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